Standing between the fortunate inhabitant of a large city whose water-supply and sewerage systems are above reproach and the farmer who bas it within his power to make them so with reference to his own wants, is the half-developed village or town, with its chiefly unsanitary conditions. Here the leaky cesspool still exists, close by the family well, or by the neighbor's well. The absence of any system of collecting garbage and miscellaneous waste shows itself by the littering of the yards, the alleys, streets, and even stream beds with all kinds of refuse. In some towns the premature introduction of a water-supply system causes the ground to become still more thoroughly saturated with diluted sewage, so that the wells of those households not yet connected with the water-supply are a continual source of danger. In such communities, appreciation of the necessity for a public control of sanitation has not yet made much headway. The acts of each family violating the laws of health not only react upon itself but upon the immediate neighborhood, often with disastrous results. When typhoid fever has once gained a foothold in such communities it is apt to develop into an epidemic. The tendency of our population to concentrate in villages and towns makes the sanitary improvement of such communities a most important and vital condition of national health and prosperity. The following pages are not intended for these communities, for they need, in most cases, the advice of sanitarians and sanitary engineers, acquainted with local conditions. Still, they may be of service in pointing out the dangers which may and do actually beset the population that neglects to dispose of refuse and waste in a manner which does not clash with the laws of health.