Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 -- Stage history; Theater -- England
If a theatre were established in this country for the performance of
Shakespeare's plays with the simplicity and rapidity with which they were
acted in his time, it might limit the endless experiments, mutilations,
and profitless discussions that every revival occasions. "To read a play,"
said Robert Louis Stevenson, "is a knack, the fruit of much knowledge and
some imagination, comparable to that of reading score"; the reader is apt
to miss the proper point of view. In omitting one-third of the play every
time Shakespeare is acted, the most appropriate scenes for representation
may not always be chosen. But were the entire play acted occasionally, the
author's point of view could not fail to declare itself. It is interesting
to note that Germany, always to the fore in Shakespearian matters, has
obtained in Baron Perfall, the director of the Royal Court Theatre in
Munich, an advocate for the performance of Shakespeare's plays as they
were originally acted.
The Elizabethan dramatists, as a rule, deprecated the printing of their
plays. They regretted that "scenes invented merely to be spoken should be
inforcively published to be read." Elocution was to the playwrights an
all-important consideration. They acknowledge that the success of their
labours "lay much in the actor's voice"; that he must speak well, "though
he understand not what," for if the actor had not "a facility and natural
dexterity in his delivery, it must needs sound harsh to the auditor, and
procure his distaste and displeasure." A good tragedy, in Ben Jonson's
opinion, "must have truth of argument, dignity of persons, gravity and
height of elocution"; "words," he says, "should be chosen that have their
sound ample, the composition full, the absolution plenteous, and poured
out all grave, sinewy, and strong." And Thomas Heywood, in 1612, thus
writes in defence of the actor's art: "Tully, in his booke, 'Ad Caium
Herennium,' requires five things in an orator--invention, disposition,
eloqution, memory, and pronuntiation; yet all are imperfect without the
sixt, which is action: for be his invention never so fluent and exquisite,
his disposition and order never so composed and formall, his eloquence and
elaborate phrases never so materiall and pithy, his memory never so ferme
and retentive, his pronuntiation never so musical and plausive; yet
without a comely and elegant gesture, a gratious and a bewitching kinde of
action, a natural and familiar motion of the head, the hand, the body, and
a moderate and fit countenance suitable to all the rest, I hold all the
rest as nothing. A delivery and sweet action is the glosse and beauty of
any discourse that belongs to a scholler; and this is the action
behoovefull in any that professe this quality, not to use any impudent or
forced motion in any part of the body, nor rough or other violent gesture,
nor, on the contrary, to stand like a stiffe starcht man, but to qualifie
everything according to the nature of the person personated: for in
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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