Transcriber’s Note: Superscripted characters are indicated by ^ or ^{}; italics are enclosed in _underscores_; small-caps text is shown here as ALL-CAPS. SHIPS AND WAYS OF OTHER DAYS [Illustration: A SHIP OF YESTERDAY (A Tea-clipper before the Wind)] SHIPS & WAYS OF OTHER DAYS BY E. KEBLE CHATTERTON (Author of “Sailing Ships & Their Story”) WITH ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY ILLUSTRATIONS [Illustration] LONDON SIDGWICK & JACKSON, LTD 3 ADAM STREET, ADELPHI, W.C. 1913 _All rights reserved_ [Illustration: SHIPS AND WAYS OF OTHER DAYS PREFACE] I desire to acknowledge the courtesy of the Master and Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge, for having permitted me to reproduce the three illustrations facing pages 212, 228, and 230. These are from MSS. in the Pepysian Library. The Viking anchor and block tackle are taken from Mr. Gabriel Gustafson’s _Norges Oldtid_, by permission of Messrs. Alb. Cammermeyer’s, Forlag, Kristiania. The two illustrations on pages 123 and 132 are here reproduced by the kind permission of Commendatore Cesare Agosto Levi from his “Navi Venete.” The Viking rowlock and rivet are taken from Du Chaillu’s “Viking Age,” by the courtesy of Mr. John Murray. To all of the above I would wish to return thanks. E. KEBLE CHATTERTON. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THE BIRTH OF THE NAUTICAL ARTS 10 III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARINE INSTINCT 18 IV. MEDITERRANEAN PROGRESS 29 V. ROME AND THE SEA 56 VI. THE VIKING MARINERS 85 VII. SEAMANSHIP AND NAVIGATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES 114 VIII. THE PERIOD OF COLUMBUS 150 IX. THE EARLY TUDOR PERIOD 169 X. THE ELIZABETHAN AGE 186 XI. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 221 XII. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 249 XIII. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 274 GLOSSARY 291 INDEX 293 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE A Ship of Yesterday (a tea clipper before the wind) _To face title-page_ A Seventeenth-Century Dutch Dockyard _Headpiece to Preface_ Spithead in the Early Nineteenth Century 2