Beachy Head, battle of, 243 Beacons, 243 Beaver, Lieut. Philip, 267 Beazley, Mr. Raymond, quoted, 126 Bedford, Duke of, First Lord of Admiralty, and naval uniforms, 272 Behaim, Martin, improves the astrolabe, 174 Bells, ships’, 215, 254 Benbow, Admiral John, 266 “Better to break owners than orders,” 263 Birds, observations by, 88 Biremes, Phœnician, 19; succeeded by trireme, 38; number of oars, 40 Biscay, the Bay of, 117 “Bittacle” (i.e. binnacle), 214, 253 “Bitter end,” the, 278 Bitts, 278 Bitumen caulking, 19 “Black Book of the Admiralty,” 183 Black Deeps, the, 227 Blaeu, Wm. J., “The Sea Mirrour,” 215 Blake, Admiral Robert, and Tunisian pirates, 224; sea commander, 229; and discontent on his ships, 236; defects in his ships, 237; tactics, 238, 239; battle off Portland, 240, 241 Boarding in naval warfare, 62, 183, 218 Boatswain, 146 Böckh’s “Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum,” 47 Booms in Ancient Rhodes, 53 Borough, Admiral William, 217 Boteler’s “Dialogues,” 230 Boulogne (Gesoriacum), 67, 70, 72, 79 Bourne, William, on the cross-staff, 175; “Arte of Shooting,” 191; “Inventions or Devises,” 193; “Regiment for the Sea,” 209; first English book on navigation 211; on the earth as a globe, 213; “Treasure for Traueilers,” 216; method of registering speed, 216 Bowline, to sail on a, 168 Boxhauling, 252 Bridport, Lord, 267 Brigg’s logarithms, 248 Bristol Channel pilot cutters, 31 Britain, Roman invasion of, 72–7 British fleet in Roman times (Classis Britannica), 67 British Navy, reorganised in 1618, 224; under the Commonwealth, 229; fashionable, 229; captain’s pay at end of 17th century, 230; probable strategy of to-day, 238; ballast, 289. _See also_ Elizabethan, Tudor British seamanship and British supremacy, 219 Buoys, 214, 226, 244 Burgh, Hubert de, 143 Bushnell, Edmund, “Complete Ship-Wright,” 224 Bytharne, Jehan, “Book of War,” 183 Cables of Viking ships, 108; hemp and chain, 277, 278 Cabot, Sebastian, 133 Cadiz, 235; mutiny of, 267 Cæsar and the invasion of Britain, 5; and his fleet, 69; its tactics, 70; invasion of England, 70–7; seamanship, 74; landing, 76; knowledge of Gaul and Britain, 77 Calais, 72 Calicut, 135 California gold rush, 288 Caligula, 81 Callis (pirate), 222 Cambridge, Trinity College, MS. of pilgrim voyage, 147 Canary Isles, 118, 121 Cannon. _See_ Artillery Cape Barfleur, 138 Cape Blanco, 134 Cape Bojador, 134 Cape Nun, 134 Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and, 22; doubled, 134; named, 136 Cape St. Vincent (Holy Promontory), 125, 127, 217 Cape Verde Islands, 134 Captains, tyrannical, 249 Carausius, 78, 79 Carpenter, 146 Cartagena, 266 Carthaginian fleet, the, 62 Cartography. _See_ Map-making