Tudor ships, life on, 179; victualling, 179; health, 179; shipbuilding, 180; naval weapons, 180; foreign shipbuilding for Henry VIII, 180; artillery, 181; decorated ships, 181, 182; crew of the _Great Harry_, 181; rate of pay, 182; fleet orders, 182; signalling, 183; tactics, 183 Tunisian pirates, 224 Tyne, the, 257; Tyne pilots, 260 Uniforms originate in France, 230; adopted in English Navy, 271; how blue and white originated, 272 Union Jack, 245 United States, emigration sailing ships to, 283; length of voyage, 284 Veneti, the, 69 Venetian maps, 124; shipping season restricted, 152; shipping laws, 153; and the Atlantic, 154; position on the sea, 154; decline, 154 Venetians, the, 118, 122 Venice, Arsenal at, 180 Ventilation of ships, 283 Vikings, the, ships, 4, 5; as seamen, 16; as warriors and explorers, 85; their sea sense, 86; sense of time, 87; navigation methods, 87–90; and discovery of North America, 90; replica of Gogstad ship’s voyage, 90; extent of voyages, 90; provisioning, 91; descriptions from the Sagas, 92–5; moving of ships, 93; winter sailing, 92, 93; species of craft, 95; building a ship, 96; fitting-out season, 100; naval tactics, 101; sails, 105; steering, 107; cables, 108; precedence for berthing, 109; row-boats, 109; mooring, 110; fighting tops, 110; awnings, 110; messing, 111; bailing, 112; oarsmen, 112; fighters and seamen, 113; as discoverers, 117, 121 Virgil’s description of ships and sea, 82–4 Vivaldi, 118 Volusenus, 72 Voyages without navigational methods, 6 Wagenaer’s atlas, 214; charts, 219 War and shipbuilding, 85 War vessels, ancient, 43, 44 Wars of the Roses, 85 “Watches” in Elizabethan ships, 196 Water-compass, 119 West Indies, 170. _See also_ Columbus Westminster, Roman boat found at, 78–81 Whales, observations by, 88 Whipstaff, 189 William the Conqueror, 5, 138 Winds, waves, and tides, awe of, 10 Wissant, 75 Wolf the Red, 97 “Wooden walls,” 274; oak for the, 275; the life of, 275; building, 275; rig, description, and cost, 276; cables, 277, 278; colours of, 279, 280; gunnery, 280 Woolwich Dockyard established, 181, 226, 274 Woolwich, launch at, in 1610, 232 Wright, Edward, “Haven-finding Art,” “Certaine Errors in Navigation,” 212 Xenophon on Phœnician ships, 23 Xerxes and the Phœnicians, 23 Yarmouth Roads, 257 Young, Capt., and neglect of Dutch to salute, 208 Zamorano, Roderigo, 133, 171 Zeno, the brothers, 122 WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD. PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH [Illustration: I. BODY PLAN, ETC., OF AN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY 74-GUN SHIP.] [Illustration: II. A PORTABLE CRAB WINCH OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY.]