589-615. Missionary labours of St. Columban 205 612. Mahomet begins to publish his religion 169 627. Jerusalem taken by the Mussulmans 169 632. Death of Mahomet 169 635. Settlement of Scottish missionaries in Holy Island 172 664. Council of Whitby 172 724. Beginning of controversy as to images 170 732. Victory of Charles Martel over the Saracens 174 734. Death of the Venerable Bede 173 715-755. Missionary labours of St. Boniface 174 752. Pipin becomes king of the Franks 177 787. Second Council of Nicæa 180 794. Council of Frankfort 180 800. Charles the Great crowned as emperor 178 -- (about). Forgery of Constantine's donation 192 814. Death of Charles the Great 181 826-865. Missionary labours of Anskar 187 846 (about). Forgery of the False Decretals 192 860-870. Conversion of Bulgarians, Moravians, Bohemians, &c. 185 912. Foundation of the Order of Cluny 206 962. Otho I., emperor 183 988. Conversion of Basil, great prince of Russia 188 999. Sylvester II., pope 184 994-1030. Conversion of Norwegians 189 1046. Council of Sutri 185 1048. Pope Leo IX.--Beginning of Hildebrand's influence over the papacy 193 1073. Hildebrand elected pope (Gregory VII.) 193 1074. Foundation of the Carthusian Order 207 1085. Death of Gregory VII. 197 1098. Foundation of the Cistercian Order 208 1099. Jerusalem taken in the First Crusade 202 1113. Order of St. John (or Hospitallers) founded 209 1116. Order of the Temple founded 210 1123. Agreement between the pope and the emperor at Worms 198 1147-1149. The Second Crusade 213 1153. Death of St. Bernard 214 1154. Nicolas Breakspeare, an Englishman, chosen pope (Adrian IV.) 214 1170. Murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket 216 1189. The Third Crusade 217 1198. Innocent III.