elected pope 218 1203. Constantinople taken by Crusaders 222 1208. England put under an interdict 219 1208-1229. War against the Albigenses 223 1215. Fourth Council of the Lateran--Innocent sanctions the Dominican and Franciscan Orders of Mendicant Friars 227 1240. First Crusade of St. Lewis 230 1270. Second Crusade and death of St. Lewis 231 1274. Second Council of Lyons 232 1294. Election of Pope Celestine V. 233 ---- Election of Pope Boniface VIII. 235 1300. Boniface celebrates the first jubilee 235 1303. Death of Boniface 239 1310. The popes settle at Avignon 240 1312. Council of Vienne--The Order of the Temple dissolved 243 1377. Gregory XI. removes the papacy from Avignon to Rome 253 1378. Beginning of the Great Schism of the West 254 1384. Death of John Wyclif 251 1414-1418. Council of Constance 258 1415. Pope John XXIII. deposed 260 ---- John Huss burnt by order of the Council 261 1417. Election of Pope Martin V., and end of the Schism 262 1418. Religious war of Bohemia breaks out 264 1431. Council of Basel opened 265 1438. Council of Ferrara and Florence 267 1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks 268 1455. Invention of Printing 269 1464. Pope Pius II. vainly attempts a crusade 270 1498. Death of Savonarola 274 1503. Death of Pope Alexander VI. 275 1517. Appearance of Martin Luther as a reformer 276 EXPLANATION OF THE MAP. (_To be read after Chapter XXII._) The Map is meant to give the names of such places only as are mentioned in the History. The bounds of the patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem are marked as they were settled at the Council of Chalcedon, in the year 451. Only the northern part of the Alexandrian patriarchate is seen, as the Map does not reach far enough to take in Abyssinia, which belonged to it.