"Father" (in Sanscrit, _pitri_), signifies "the protecting one, or the protector;" "mother" (Sanscrit, _matri_), "she who regulates or sets in order;" "daughter" (_duhitri_), "the milking one;" "son" (_sunu_), "the begotten;" "sister" (_vastri_), "she who takes care,"--subauditur, of household matters--also, "the bearer of a new family;" "brother" (_brhatri_), "the helper, or carrier;" "youth" (_yavan_) "the defender." So also, "horse" (_açva_), signifies "swift, rapid;"[11] the name for the "bovine" genus, bull and cow (Sc., _go_, _gaus_), "to sound inarticulately," likewise (_ukshan_) "fecundating," besides other names with other significations; the "ovine" genus, or sheep kind (_avi_), implies "the loved, protected," etc.; the "dog" (_'cvan_, _kvan_), means "the yelper, barker;" but he has also other names denoting his qualities, as _sucaka_, "spy, informer," _krtagna_, the "recognizing," or "grateful one," etc.; "goose," (_hansa_, from Sc. _has_), "to laugh." So the roots for the general names of grains and fruits are to be found in the Sanscrit; thus, _ad_, "to eat;" _adas_, "nourishment;" _gr_, "to devour," whence _garitra_, "grain," "rice," etc. It may be noticed that derivatives from these and other roots became applied, in branch languages, to various special kinds of grain; thus, "oats," both in form and signification, is easily traced to a Sanscrit root. So, too, the names of many metals, trees, plants and wild animals, have their roots and descriptive meaning in the Aryan or Sanscrit language; and comparative philology gives us the method of seizing the affiliations of form and of meaning. Words of the character pointed one and their primitive significations--constituting the foundation of man's family and social existence--followed the various ethnic branches issuing from the Aryan and expanding over the ancient world. _But no root, no name, no signification is to be found for a "servant" bearing the meaning of "slave" or "chattel,"_ or expressive of a deprivation of the rights of manhood or of human dignity. The primitive Aryan mode of life was naturally patriarchal or clan-like, and the above-mentioned words show that household and rural functions were performed by the members of the family. What has been already said in another division (see "Hebrews"), applies even more forcibly to the Aryas. The Sanscrit word _ibha_, signified "family," "household," "servants," but _never slaves or chattels_. Both its sound and sense are still perfectly preserved in the Irish _ibh_, which signifies "country," or "clan;" _not enslaved men_! The names of weapons, and other words relating to warfare, which may be traced back to the Aryan speech, prove that the Aryas warred with other tribes--perhaps with the Tartars; and all such foreign enemies were comprehended under the collective Sanscrit denomination of _barbara_, _varvara_, or "barbarians." But even here, where we should most look for it, no hint or trace of slavery can be found.