The Masses the Initiators of Sentiment—They Live in the Central Current of Experience—Distinction or Privilege Apt to Cause Isolation—Institutional Character of Upper Classes—The Masses Shrewd Judges of Persons—This the Main Ground for Expecting that the People Will Be Right in the Long Run—Democracy Always Representative—Conclusion 135 CHAPTER XIV DEMOCRACY AND CROWD EXCITEMENT The Crowd-Theory of Modern Life—The Psychology of Crowds—Modern Conditions Favor Psychological Contagion—Democracy a Training in Self-Control—The Crowd Not Always in the Wrong—Conclusion; the Case of France 149 CHAPTER XV DEMOCRACY AND DISTINCTION The Problem—Democracy Should Be Distinguished from Transition—The Dead-Level Theory of Democracy—Confusion and Its Effects—“Individualism” May Not Be Favorable to Distinguished Individuality—Contemporary Uniformity—Relative Advantages of America and Europe—Haste, Superficiality, Strain—Spiritual Economy of a Settled Order—Commercialism—Zeal for Diffusion—Conclusion 157 CHAPTER XVI THE TREND OF SENTIMENT Meaning and General Trend of Sentiment—Attenuation—Refinement—Sense of Justice—Truth as Justice—As Realism As Expediency—As Economy of Attention—Hopefulness 177 CHAPTER XVII THE TREND OF SENTIMENT—(CONTINUED) Nature of the Sentiment of Brotherhood—Favored by Communication and Settled Principles—How Far Contemporary Life Fosters It—How Far Uncongenial to It—General Outcome in this Regard—The Spirit of Service—The Trend of Manners—Brotherhood in Relation to Conflict—Blame—Democracy and Christianity 189 PART IV—SOCIAL CLASSES CHAPTER XVIII THE HEREDITARY OR CASTE PRINCIPLE Nature and Use of Classes—Inheritance and Competition the Two Principles upon which Classes Are Based—Conditions in Human Nature Making for Hereditary Classes—Caste Spirit 209 CHAPTER XIX CONDITIONS FAVORING OR OPPOSING THE GROWTH OF CASTE Three Conditions Affecting the Increase or Diminution of Caste— Race-Caste—Immigration and Conquest—Gradual Differentiation of Functions; Mediæval Caste; India—Influence of Settled Conditions—Influence of the State of Communication and Enlightenment—Conclusion 217 CHAPTER XX THE OUTLOOK REGARDING CASTE The Question—How Far the Inheritance Principle Actually Prevails—Influences Favoring Its Growth—Those Antagonizing It—The Principles of Inheritance and Equal Opportunity as Affecting Social Efficiency—Conclusion 229 CHAPTER XXI OPEN CLASSES The Nature of Open Classes—Whether Class-Consciousness Is Desirable—Fellowship and Coöperation Deficient in Our Society—Class Organization in Relation to Freedom 239 CHAPTER XXII