HOW FAR WEALTH IS THE BASIS OF OPEN CLASSES Impersonal Character of Open Classes—Various Classifications—Classes, as Commonly Understood, Based on Obvious Distinctions—Wealth as Generalized Power—Economic Betterment as an Ideal of the Ill-Paid Classes—Conclusion 248 CHAPTER XXIII ON THE ASCENDENCY OF A CAPITALIST CLASS The Capitalist Class—Its Lack of Caste Sentiment—In What Sense “the Fittest”—Moral Traits—How Far Based on Service—Autocratic and Democratic Principles in the Control of Industry—Reasons for Expecting an Increase of the Democratic Principle—Social Power in General—Organizing Capacity—Nature and Sources of Capitalist Power—Power over the Press and over Public Sentiment—Upper Class Atmosphere 256 CHAPTER XXIV ON THE ASCENDENCY OF A CAPITALIST CLASS—(CONTINUED) The Influence of Ambitious Young Men—Security of the Dominant Class in an Open System—Is There Danger of Anarchy and Spoliation?—Whether the Sway of Riches Is Greater Now than Formerly—Whether Greater in America than in England 273 CHAPTER XXV THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ILL-PAID CLASSES The Need of Class Organization—Uses and Dangers of Unions—General Disposition of the Hand-Working Classes 284 CHAPTER XXVI POVERTY The Meaning of Poverty—Personal and General Causes—Poverty in a Prosperous Society Due Chiefly to Maladjustment—Are the Poor the “Unfit”?—Who Is to Blame for Poverty?—Attitude of Society toward the Poor—Fundamental Remedies 290 CHAPTER XXVII HOSTILE FEELING BETWEEN CLASSES Conditions Producing Class Animosity—The Spirit of Service Allays Bitterness—Possible Decrease of the Prestige of Wealth—Probability of a More Communal Spirit in the Use of Wealth—Influence of Settled Rules for Social Opposition—Importance of Face-to-Face Discussion 301 PART V—INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER XXVIII INSTITUTIONS AND THE INDIVIDUAL The Nature of Institutions—Hereditary and Social Factors—The Child and the World—Society and Personality—Personality versus the Institution—The Institution as a Basis of Personality—The Moral Aspect—Choice _versus_ Mechanism—Personality the Life of Institutions—Institutions Becoming Freer in Structure 313 CHAPTER XXIX INSTITUTIONS AND THE INDIVIDUAL—(CONTINUED) Innovation as a Personal Tendency—Innovation and Conservatism as Public Habit—Solidarity—French and Anglo-Saxon Solidarity—Tradition and Convention—Not so Opposite as They Appear—Real Difference, in this Regard, between Modern and Mediæval Society—Traditionalism and Conventionalism in Modern Life 327 CHAPTER XXX