Abstract elements of the Austrian and English schools, individual "utilities" and "costs," have their place in the concrete whole of social intermental life--Social causes largely determine them--But this not enough for a theory of social value--Intensity of a man's feelings or desires has no relation whatever to value in market till we know social rankings of _men_--Conflicts of values concerned with these social rankings--Prices express results of court decisions as well as results of changing individual desires for economic goods--We break the circle by turning to the concrete whole of social-mental life--Economics has failed to profit by example of other social sciences here--No social science can explain its phenomena by reference to one or two abstract factors 148 CHAPTER XV SOME MECHANICAL ANALOGIES Mechanical analogies of limited use in revealing full complexity of social control, but of use for certain purposes--Our argument can be put, in part, in terms of mechanical analogies--Transformations of social forces--Illustrations--Marginal equilibria among social forces--Illustrations--Social forces of control take different forms under different conditions--Mechanical analogies useful enough for economic price-analysis--Our thesis involves no radical revision of economic methodology--It is rather concerned with interpretation and validation of economic methodology 156 CHAPTER XVI PROFESSOR SELIGMAN'S PSYCHOLOGICAL DOCTRINE OF THE RELATIVITY OF VALUES Professor Seligman's contributions to value theory--Points of difference between his views and those here maintained--His psychological doctrine of relativity--Different from doctrine of English School, which is a matter of logical definition--Values relative because there is fixed sum of values, and increase in one value can come only through decrease in other values--Criticism: psychological difficulties; diminution of all values in times of panics and epidemics; decrease of economic values through increase of religious and other values--Element of truth in Professor Seligman's doctrine--Relation between Professor Seligman's view and that of Professor Clark 162 CHAPTER XVII THE THEORY OF VALUE AND THE THEORY OF PRICES