[153] Luigi Cossa, _Guide to the Study of Political Economy_, English translation, 1880. [154] _The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty_, edited by Charles Henry Hull, Vol. I, page 244. [155] The italics are mine.--J. S. [156] All quotations from Mr. Mallock are taken from the volume containing the text of his lectures, entitled _Socialism_, published by The National Civic Federation, New York, 1907. [157] The italics are mine.--J. S. [158] _Letter on the Gotha Programme_, by Karl Marx, published in the collection of the posthumous writings of Marx and Engels, edited by Mehring, 1902. See a translation of the letter by Dr. Harriet E. Lothrop, _International Socialist Review_, May, 1908. [159] I note that my friend, Mr. J. R. Macdonald, M.P., "Whip" of the Labour Party in the British House of Commons, so misrepresents Marx in his admirable little book, _Socialism_, page 54. [160] Italics mine.--J. S. [161] The italics are mine. The passage occurs on page 186, Vol. I, of _Capital_, Kerr edition. In the last of the series of lectures printed in his book, Mr. Mallock attempts a reply to the criticism of an American Socialist, Mr. Morris Hillquit who quoted this passage from Marx to show that Mr. Mallock was in error in saying that Marx regarded manual labor as the sole source of wealth. He evades the real point, namely, that Marx clearly included mental as well as physical labor in his use of the term, and with an ingenuity equaled only by the disingenuousness of the argument, seeks refuge in the fact that it does not cover the special "directive ability" which is a special function, "a productive force distinct from labor." The trick will not do. The fact is that Marx clearly and precisely covers that point in another place. The reader is referred to Chapter XIII of Part IV, Vol. I, of _Capital_, pages 363-368, Kerr edition, for a brilliant and honest treatment of the whole subject of the place of the "directing few" in modern industry. We shall treat the matter briefly later on. [162] Italics mine.--J. S. The passage occurs in Lecture III, page 36. CHAPTER VIII OUTLINES OF SOCIALIST ECONOMIC THEORY I