Beginnings of the social movement carried on by the masses--Historic occurrences--Middle-class movements--French Revolution--_Loi martiale_-- "Coalition Law"--Marat--The men of Montaigne--The Sans-culottes--Danton--Robespierre--Constitution of 1793--_Droits de l'Homme_--Insurrection of Babeuf--The first proletarian agitation--Elizabethan trade law--The Chartist movement--English type of working-men's movement--French type--German type--Variations of the social movement--English social development--Carlyle's teaching. IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL PECULIARITIES 62 Characterisation of the English working-men's movement--English industrial monopoly, 1850-1880-- Alternation of power between Tories and Whigs--Value of legislation in favour of the working man-- Temperament of the English working-man--Practical tendency of the old English trade-union--English "social peace"--French "revolutionism"--Factionism-- Clubbism--Putschism--Proudhon--The bourgeoisie-- Significance of the Reign of Terror--Difference between Roman type of the born revolutionist and the English working-man--Victor Hehn--French anarchism-- Bakunin--The peculiarities of social agitation in Germany--Ferdinand Lassalle--Schulze-Delitzsch--The Lassalle movement. V. KARL MARX 90 Birthplace, 1818--Parentage--Cosmopolitanism of the Marx family--At Bonn--Bruno Bauer--Driven from Prussia--From Paris--Finds rest in London--Death, 1883--Marxian theory of social agitation--Communistic Manifesto of Karl Marx and Frederic Engels--The theory of value--Marx's application of the evolution idea to the social movement--Ideal and material emancipation of the proletariat--Creation of class interest--Marxism as a social-political realism-- Engels's _Struggle of Classes in France_. VI. THE TREND TOWARDS UNITY 121