The proletarian-socialistic character of the revolution of 1848--Internationalism--First attempt for international combination--The "International"--The "Inaugural Address"--_Alliance Internationale de la Démocratie Sociale_--Dissolution of the "International"--Internal and external unification of the proletariat--Lassalle's "Working-Men's Union"--Wilhelm Liebknecht--August Bebel--The Social-Democratic Working-Men's Party--The "Honourables"--The "Social-Democratic Party"--The "Gotha" programme--Gradual extension of the Marxian system--French trade-union agitation--Approach of the English working-men's movement to that of the Continental--The "minimum programme" of all social agitation--Centripetal and centrifugal tendency of the social agitation. VII. TENDENCIES OF THE PRESENT 142 Contradiction apparent in the great social movement-- Sources from which contradictions spring--Political influence of the social movement--Revolutionism a manifestation of unripeness--Meaning of social evolution--Theoretical and practical social development--Confusion of "ideal" and "programme"-- Relation of the proletariat to the _demos_--The social movement to be the representative of the highest form of economic life at every period of production upon the largest scale--The "agrarian question"--The Marxian theory of development only for the sphere of manufactures--Does not apply to agricultural development--Anti-religious nature of the proletarian movement--The grounds for this enmity to religion--The movement anti-ecclesiastical-- Patriotism--Not the heritage of a particular class-- Nationalism--Feeling of nationalism not shared by the proletariat--No reason in the essence of modern socialism for anti-nationalism--Asiatic development-- Advancement of Japan--Attitude of America towards Asiatic development. VIII. LESSONS 169 Necessity of the social movement--Lorenz von Stein--"Class strife" not identical with civil war--Various forms of "class strife"--Struggle the solution in social life--Conflict not necessarily the beginning of a new culture--Can also betoken the end of the old--Social struggle should be determined within legal bounds--Must be carried on with proper weapons--English social agitation as a model. APPENDIX. CHRONICLE OF THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT (1750-1896) 178