Notable inventions of modern machinery--"Machine Riots"--Petitions against machines and manufactories--Laws for the protection of machines--Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"--Robert Owen's chief writing's--Fourier's first great book--Complete removal of Elizabethan trade restrictions--The "Savannah" arrives at Liverpool--Chief work of St. Simon--More liberal coalition law--Opening of the Manchester-Liverpool Railroad--Insurrection of the silk workers in Lyons--Beginning of specific legislation for working men--Founding of the German Zollverein--Beginnings of German national industry--Introduction of Rowland Hill's penny postage--Telegraph first applied to English railroads--German governmental regulations for the repression of the working-men's movement--Severe laws of Napoleon III. for the repression of all social agitation--First World's Exposition in London--Bismarck forces the general, equal, secret, and direct ballot--Liberal trade regulation for the German Empire--Rapid development of capitalism in Germany, especially after the war--Trade-union act (English) supplemented in 1875--Law concerning the socialists in Germany--Beginning of governmental working-men's association in Germany--Insurance for the sick, against accident, for the sick and aged, in Germany--Endorsement of a legal establishment of the eight-hour work-day by the Trade-Union Congress in Liverpool--International Working-Men's Protection Conference in Berlin--Third International Working-Men's Congress in Zurich, at which English trade-unions deliberate officially with the Continental socialists--Fourth International Working-Men's Congress in London. SOCIALISM AND THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN THE XIXTH CENTURY CHAPTER I WHENCE AND WHITHER "Da ist's denn wieder, wie die Sterne wollten: Bedingung und Gesetz; und aller Wille Ist nur ein Wollen, weil wir eben sollten, Und vor dem Willen schweigt die Willkür stille." GOETHE, _Urworte_.