1--English Broad Axe. 2--Compass. 3--Compass with Chalk Holder. 4--Chalk Line on Roller. 5--Compass. 6--Axe for Holes. 7--Ruler. 8--Tongue on Ruler 1-1/2 ft. 9--Dutch Ruler. 10--Tongue on Ruler for Ship layout. 11--Swedish Cutting Axe. 12--Trimming Hatchet. 13--Hook for removing old calking. 14--English Adz. 15--Adz. 16--Swedish or Dutch Adz. 17--English Handsaw. 18--Handsaw with Handle. 19--Mallet. 20--Hammer. 21--Claw Hammer. 22--Circle Saw. 23--Auger. 24--Dutch Brace Auger. 25--English Wood Chisel. 26--Wood Chisel. 27--English Mallet. 28--Gouge. 29--Swedish Mallet. 30--Gouge. 31--Gouge. 32--Gouge. 33--Calking Mallet. 34--Calking Tool. 35--Spike Iron. 36--Calking Tool. 37--Calking Mallet. 38--English Gouge. 39--Calking Iron. 40--Lubricating Tool, also for removing pitch. 41--Hook for removing oakum or old calking. 42--Calking Iron. 43--Calking Iron. 44--Tool used to clean out seams. 45--Calking Iron. 46--Calking Iron. 47--Scraper.] [Illustration: Shipwrights Drawing, 1586 From Pepysian MSS in Magdalene College, Cambridge, England.] [Illustration: H.M.S. _Mediator_, a Virginia Sloop of about 1741, Purchased for the Royal Navy in 1745 Drawn by H. I. Chapelle from Admiralty Records.] [Illustration: Sloops in the York River between Yorktown and Gloucester Point From an original drawing, 1755.] [Illustration: Chesapeake Bay Log Canoe under construction From Brewington's _Chesapeake Bay Log Canoes_.] [Illustration: A Virginia Pilot Boat with a view of Cape Henry From _Naval Chronicle_, 1815.] [Illustration: American Schooner off Coast of Virginia, 1794 From a watercolor by G. Tobin in the National Maritime Museum, London.] [Illustration: British Schooner From a painting of Curacao, 1785.] [Illustration: Seventeenth-Century Shipyard in England From the Science Museum, South Kensington, London.] [Illustration: Careening Ships in England, 1675 From the Science Museum, South Kensington, London.] [Illustration: English Ketch, about 1700 From R. C. Anderson's _Sailing Ships_.] [Illustration: Brigantine, about 1720 From Williams' _Sailing Vessels of the Eighteenth Century_.] [Illustration: Brig From Williams' _Sailing Vessels of the Eighteenth Century_.] [Illustration: Snow From Williams' _Sailing Vessels of the Eighteenth Century_.] [Illustration: Small Galley-built Vessel, Ship-rigged, 1714 From the Archives in the Custom House, London.] [Illustration: SS _United States_, Built at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Latest shipbuilding in Virginia, to compare with Seventeenth-Century Craft Photograph by W. T. Radcliffe.] TRADING TOWNS AND PORTS