Some religious and moral teachings of Al-Ghazzali : $b Being brief extracts from his Ihya-u-Ulum-id-dinGhazzali
Islamic
Some religious and moral teachings of Al-Ghazzali : $b Being brief extracts from his Ihya-u-Ulum-id-din
Ghazzali
Islamic ethics -- Early works to 1800
Experiences are either agreeable and therefore desired or disagreeable
and avoided. Inclination towards a desired object when deeply rooted and
strong constitutes love. Knowledge and perception of the beloved is the
first requisite for love which is consequently divided according to the
division of the five senses each of which is inclined towards its desired
object. Thus the eye apprehends beautiful forms, the ear harmonious
sounds, etc. This kind of experience we share with the animals. There is,
however, one more sense, peculiar to man, which delights the soul. The
prophet has said: “I desire three things from your world, sweet smell,
tender sex, and prayer, which is the delight of my eye”. Now prayer is
neither smelt nor touched—in fact its delight is beyond the scope of the
five senses and yet it has been described as the “delight of my eye”,
which means the inner eye—the soul with her sixth sense. Concepts of this
special sense are more beautiful and charming than sensuous objects—nay,
they are more perfect and strongly attract the soul. Is it not, then,
possible, that One who is not perceived by the five senses may yet be
found and felt attractive by that sense and loved by the soul?
Let us now enumerate the circumstances which excite love. 1. Every living
being first of all loves his own self, that is to say, the desire for
continuity of his existence as opposed to annihilation is innate. This
desire is augmented by the desire of the perfection of his self by means
of sound body, wealth, children, relations and friends. For all of these
serve as a means to the end of the continuity of his self and therefore
he cherishes love for them. Even “unselfish” love of his dear son, if
probed, smacks of love for the continuity of his self, because his son
who is part of his self serves as a living representative of his self’s
continuity.
2. The second cause is the love for one’s benefactor towards whom the
heart is naturally attracted. Even if he be a stranger, a benefactor will
always be loved. But it must be remembered that the benefactor is loved
not for himself, but for his beneficence, the extent of which will be a
dominating factor in determining the degree of love.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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