Produced by Dave Morgan, Taavi Kalju and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Illustration: CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. _From the portrait in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The gift of Mr. Pierpont Morgan._ _The painting bears the words "Sebastian Venetus, fecit 1519"._ _A. Rischgitz._] THE MAKING OF THE NATIONS SOUTH AMERICA BY W.H. KOEBEL AUTHOR OF "SOUTH AMERICA" IN BLACK'S SERIES OF COLOUR BOOKS, "MODERN ARGENTINA," "MODERN CHILE," ETC. WITH THIRTY-TWO FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS, ETC., AND MAPS AND PLANS IN THE TEXT ADAM & CHARLES BLACK LONDON MCMXIII PREFACE The history of a continent such as South America, confined to the limits of a single volume of moderate size, must of necessity contain some elements of mere survey. Nevertheless, since in no other but a condensed form could the respective strides achieved by the various nations of this continent be satisfactorily judged and compared, the author is encouraged to hope that this small work may fill in one of the most obvious of the many gaps in the English versions of South American history. He has endeavoured to lay stress on the trend of the authorities and peoples in question rather than to emphasize the rigid succession of Governors and Presidents. In the same way, since space has had to be considered, it was thought desirable to introduce at any length only those personalities notable for their actions and intrinsic influence, leaving in the background those others whose only claim to the interest of posterity lies in the weight of the office they held. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE CONTINENT IN PRE-SPANISH DAYS 1 II. COLUMBUS 14 III. THE SPANISH CONQUISTADORES 26 IV. THE DISCOVERY AND EARLY HISTORY OF BRAZIL 36 V. THE CONQUEST OF PERU 47 VI. SPANIARD AND NATIVE 56 VII. THE COLONIZATION OF THE SOUTH 64 VIII. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN COLONIES 74 IX. FOREIGN RAIDS ON THE SPANISH COLONIES 83 X. FOREIGN RAIDS ON PORTUGUESE COLONIES 95 XI. THE COLONY OF PERU 110 XII. THE COLONY OF CHILE 121 XIII. THE COLONIES OF PARAGUAY AND THE RIVER PLATE 130 XIV. THE NORTHERN COLONIES 142 XV. THE LAST DAYS OF EMPIRE 151 XVI. THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE--I 159 XVII. THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE--II 176 XVIII. BRAZIL: FROM COLONY TO EMPIRE 185 XIX. THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL 201 XX. FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC 211