lacked both the breadth of vision and the literary attainments of their predecessors.[161] [Sidenote: Antonio Julián] [Sidenote: _La Perla de América_] Antonio Julián is hardly less widely known than Cassani and Gumilla. He lived for many years in New Granada, chiefly at Santa Marta. He travelled extensively in the province, but left America before the expulsion of his order. Neither the place nor the date of his birth is known. In his enforced retirement from his missionary labours he wrote a number of works concerning the part of the Indies with which he had become especially familiar. Of these the most frequently referred to is _La Perla de América, Provincia de Santa-marta reconocida, observada y expuesta en discursos históricos_. It was published at Madrid in 1787. Of the others, not printed, perhaps the most noteworthy is _Historia geográfica del río Magdalena, y de todas las provincias que le tributan de una banda y otra sus ríos_. [Sidenote: Juan Bautista Sánchez] Few Jesuits who had entered the American field were withdrawn before 1767. Juan Bautista Sánchez shared in the enforced migration under the decree of expulsion. He was born in Peru, and entered the Society in 1729 at the age of fifteen. In Peru he acquired distinction, serving as rector of the Jesuit colleges of Cuzco and Lima. He died in 1774 after a residence of seven years in Europe. The list of his writings seems to indicate that his official duties did not encroach largely upon his time for writing.[162] CHAPTER XIII ON PARAGUAY I. _Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca; Ulrich Schmidel._ II. _Early sources of information about Paraguay; Nicolás de Techo._ III. _Pedro Lozano._ IV. _José Guevara._ V. _Dobrizhoffer; Pauke; Falkner; Orosz; Cardiel; Quiroga; Jolís; Peramás; Muriel; Juárez; Sánchez Labrador._ VI. _Juan Patricio Fernández; Matías de Anglés._ I [Sidenote: Núñez Cabeza de Vaca] [Sidenote: Nicolás de Techo] The earliest important book on the south eastern part of Spanish South America, known as Paraguay, is _La relación y comentarios_ of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. It was published at Valladolid in 1555. It treats of the appointment of Alvar Núñez de Cabeza de Vaca to be the governor of the colony planted by Mendoza in that region; of the fitting out of the vessels, the voyage, and the landing at Santa Catalina; of the departure of the main body of the men overland; the sending of the women and children to the Río de la Plata by sea and the arrival at Asunción; of the events at Asunción, the return of Irala from an exploring expedition, the revolt of Irala and his followers, and the imprisonment and expulsion of the governor. Nicolás de Techo, in his _Historia Provinciae Paraquariae Societatis Jesu_, gives the following account of Alvar Núñez and his promotion to the governorship of Paraguay: [Sidenote: Techo on Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]