SPIES AND SECRET SERVICE [Illustration: Fouché _From an engraving after Girardet_] SPIES AND SECRET SERVICE THE STORY OF ESPIONAGE, ITS MAIN SYSTEMS AND CHIEF EXPONENTS BY HAMIL GRANT LONDON GRANT RICHARDS LTD. ST MARTIN'S STREET LEICESTER SQUARE MDCCCCXV PRINTED BY THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED EDINBURGH CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE THE ETHOS OF THE SPY 17 The Pragmatical Age—Spies always with us—Prehistoric Ages—Antiquity—Jurists and Spying—Morin's Views—Napoleon and Spies—Modern Spy's Characteristics—The Aristocrat as Spy—Teutons inferior to Latins—Women as Spies—The Salic Law—Mentality of Efficient Spy—Degeneracy of Spy—Good Education and Presence essential—Audacious rather than Courageous—Napoleon's Leniency towards Spies CHAPTER II THE SPY THROUGH THE AGES 29 Spies and the Bible—The Jew as Spy—Polyænus and his Work—Mithridates his own Spy—Frontinus and _Stratagems_—Ruses of Lelius—Tarquin's Son—Military "Psychologising"—Alexander's Black Cabinet—Histiæus and Ionia—Carrier-Pigeons used by Ancients—Hannibal and his Spies—Cæsar's Use of Spies—Rome and Church Spies—Continental School Spies—Frederick the Great real Founder of Modern Espionage—His Ambition for Prussia—Napoleon and Spies CHAPTER III LE CARON 39 Piggott and Le Caron—How the Major adopted his Alias—Birth and Bringing-up—Puritanical Surroundings—Works in Paris—Volunteers in American Civil War—His Religion—Fenian Movement—Employed by British Government to spy on Fenians—Joins Irish Republican Army as Organiser—An Impromptu Speech—Fenian Movement's Growth—General O'Neill's invasion of Canada—A Generous Cheque from Ottawa—The Clan-na-gael Movement—Le Caron an Active Spirit—_The Irish World_—Influence of the Clan—A Russo-Irish Alliance—Le Caron and Parnell—The Major's real Status—How he won his quasi-Heroic Reputation CHAPTER IV SCHULMEISTER 58 Schulmeister a Master Spy—His Value to Napoleon—A Claimant to Lofty Origin—Birth and Early Life—Smuggling as a Trade—Meets Savary—His Capture of Duc d'Enghien—Is presented to Napoleon—His Rôle in Austerlitz Campaign—Becomes Mack's Confidant—Supplies False Information to the Austrian—Personal Description of the Spy—The Capitulation of Ulm—His Advice to the Allies—Austerlitz—His Political Sense—His Social Ambition—Employed at Congress of Erfurt—Spies on Emperor Alexander, Queen Louise and Goethe—His Request to General Lasalle—The Legion of Honour—Retires from Paris—Fortunes crippled—Poverty in Old Age—Meets Napoleon III.—Death CHAPTER V NATHAN HALE 79 Nathan Hale's Fanaticism—Compared with André—Puritanism of Hale's Family and Education—At Yale University—His Splendid Appearance—A Schoolmaster—Battle of Lexington—Hale wins a Captaincy—The Military Situation—Hale volunteers as Spy on British—He justifies his Action—Enters British Lines in Disguise—Mission serves little Purpose—A Fatal Rencontre—Is captured by the British—Sentenced to Death by Howe—His Last Words CHAPTER VI