Railways:-- Mails first carried by, 1830, ii. 16; authorised to convey mails, 1838, ii. 16; run York coaches off road, 1840, ii. 39; run waggons off, ii. 138; threaten coaching, ii. 208; projected railways criticised, 1838, ii. 209; ruin the early steam-carriages, ii. 268; ridiculed, 1837, ii. 268; cut up the coach routes, ii. 270–74; bad service of trains, 1838, ii. 274; insolence of officials, ii. 274–7; public dissatisfaction with, 1838, ii. 274–7; tube railways foreshadowed by George Eliot, ii. 282–5 Grand Junction, ii. 141, 274 Highland, ii. 40 Liverpool and Manchester, ii. 16, 96, 138 London and Birmingham (now London and North-Western), ii. 141, 208, 222–5, 273, 278 London and Manchester, ii. 16, 96, 138 London and Southampton (now London and South-Western), ii. 17, 36, 209, 299 Metropolitan extended to Aylesbury 1892, ii. 281 North British, ii. 40 “Ride and Tie,” custom of, i. 54 Rippon, Walter, carriage-maker to Queen Mary, i. 4 Roads, bad state of, 1568, i. 5; dreadful condition in North Wales in eighteenth century, i. 20–22; Exeter Road described in 1752 as “dreadful,” i. 91; first General Highway Act, 1555, i. 106; mere tracks and unenclosed, 1739, i. 111; not safe for solitary travellers, i. 115; gradually improve from 1700, i. 117; growth of heavy traffic cuts them up, i. 123; ignorance of road-surveyors, i. 123; legislation to protect, 1760, i. 123–6; 1622–29, 194–6; 1752, i. 199–202; General Turnpike Act, 1766, i. 202–5; improve generally, ii. 3; shocking state of, between Carlisle and Glasgow, 1812, ii. 4; wear and tear of, by mails, ii. 4–9; and early steam-carriages, ii. 262; vulgarised by modern “improvements,” ii. 326; terrible state of, in Sussex, ii. 332; picturesqueness of, threatened by coming changes, ii. 347 Robberies from coaches, ii. 144–50 “Rumble-tumble,” i. 96, 97, 99; miseries of travelling in the, i. 101, 139 Rutland, Earl of, sets up a carriage, 1555 Shillibeer, George, his “Brighton Diligence,” i. 290–92; his omnibuses, ii. 193 Short stages, the, ii. 188–93 “Short Tommy,” the, ii. 175 “Shouldering,” _i.e._ stealing, fares, ii. 200–203 Sign-posts obligatory, 1690, i. 112 Silver, Anthony, carriage-maker to Queen Mary, i. 3 Smollett, Tobias, i. 108, 110; on travelling in 1748, i. 115–17, 334 Snowstorms, i. 261, 264–9; ii. 137, 157, 159–62, 166–9 Stage-coaches--_see_ “Coaches: stage-coaches” Stage-waggons, established about 1500, i. 2: _see_ “Waggons” Steam-carriages, 1823–38, ii. 217, 260–68 Sunday, a day of rest, i. 29, 90 ” Trading Acts, i. 196–9; ii. 148 “Swallowing,” _i.e._ stealing, fares, ii. 200–203 Talbot, the old English hound, i. 109 “Tantivy,” meaning of the word, ii. 185