But the translations of the Bible in the Reformation period had a much greater effect than this. Many words which were already dying out were used by the translators, and so kept their place in the English language. Examples of such words are _apparel_ and _raiment_ for "clothes." These words are not used so often as the more ordinary word _clothes_ even now, but it is quite probable that they would have passed out of use altogether if the translators of the Bible had not saved them. There are many words of this sort which were saved in this way, but they are chiefly used in poetry and "fine" writing. We do not speak of the "firmament" in an ordinary way; but this word, taken from the first chapter of the Bible, is still used as a more poetical name for _sky_. But the translators of the Bible must also be put among the makers of new English words. Sometimes the translator could not find what he considered a satisfactory word to express the meaning of the Greek word he wished to translate. He, therefore, made a new word, or put two old words together to express exactly what he thought the Greek word meant. The word _beautiful_ may not have been actually invented by the translator, William Tyndale, but it is not found in any book earlier than his translation of the New Testament. It seems a very natural and necessary word to us now. It was Tyndale who first used the words _peacemaker_ and _scapegoat_ and the compound word _long-suffering_; and another famous translator, Miles Coverdale, who invented the expressions _loving-kindness_ and _tender mercy_. But the great effect which the Bible has had on the English language is not in the preserving of old words and the making of new. Its chief effect has been in the way many of its expressions and phrases have passed into everyday use, so that people often use Biblical phrases without even knowing that they are doing so, just as we saw was the case with many phrases taken from Shakespeare's works. Every one knows the expression to _cast pearls before swine_, and its meaning, "to give good things to people who are too ignorant to appreciate them." This expression, taken from the Gospel of St. Matthew, has now become an ordinary English expression. The same is the case with the expression, _the eleventh hour_, meaning "just in time." But perhaps not every one who uses it remembers that it comes from the parable of the Labourers in the Vineyard, though, of course, most people would. Other common Biblical expressions are, _a labour of love_, _to hope against hope_, _the shadow of death_, and so on. When a child is described as the _Benjamin_ of the family, we know that this means the youngest and best loved, because the story of Jacob's love for Benjamin is familiar to every one. Again, when a person is described as a _Pharisee_ no one needs to have a description of his qualities, for every one knows the story of the Pharisee and the Publican.