Studies in Spermatogenesis (Part 2 of 2) — John Shaqi
Studies in Spermatogenesis (Part 2 of 2)Stevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria)
Science
Studies in Spermatogenesis (Part 2 of 2)
Stevens, N. M. (Nettie Maria)
Sex; Spermatogenesis
The odd chromosome, so far as it has been studied, behaves precisely
like the larger member of the unequal pair without its smaller mate
(figs. 219, 220, 226, 233). In the growth stage it remains condensed and
either spherical or sometimes flattened against the nuclear membrane
(figs. 217, 225, 231). In the first maturation mitosis it is attached to
one pole of the spindle, does not divide, but goes to one of the two
second spermatocytes (figs. 233, 235). In the second spermatocyte it
divides with the other chromosomes, giving two equal classes of
spermatids differing by the presence or absence of this odd chromosome.
All of the evidence at hand leads to the conclusion that in the
Coleoptera, the univalent elements of all the pairs, equal and unequal,
separate in the first spermatocyte mitosis and divide quantitatively in
the second. In this respect the behavior of the chromosomes in this
order appears to be much more uniform than in the Orthoptera and
Hemiptera.
COMPARISON OF THE COLEOPTERA WITH THE HEMIPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA.
As has been seen above, the conditions in the Coleoptera, so far as the
heterochromosomes are concerned, correspond very closely in final
results with those in the Hemiptera heteroptera and the Orthoptera. In
minor details these chromosomes are less peculiar in the Coleoptera than
in either of the other orders. Even condensation during the growth stage
is not universal, and synapsis of the heterochromosomes apparently
occurs simultaneously with that of the ordinary chromosomes, instead of
being delayed, as in many of the Hemiptera heteroptera.
_Aphrophora_ (Hemiptera homoptera) agrees with the _Anasa_ group of the
Hemiptera heteroptera in having a pair of condensed _m_-chromosomes, in
the growth stage, but this pair is already united in synapsis when first
seen. It differs from _Anasa_, but agrees with _Banasa_ and _Archimerus_
in exhibiting a typical odd chromosome which goes to one pole without
division in the first spermatocyte, and divides with the other
chromosomes in the second spermatocyte. The odd chromosome in this
species of Hemiptera, therefore, behaves like that in the Coleoptera and
Orthoptera. The most interesting points in the results of this study of
the germ cells of _Aphrophora_ is the discovery of two pairs of
condensed chromosomes in certain phases of the growth stages of the
oöcytes. This has not been shown to be the case in any other species of
Hemiptera, so far as I can ascertain. It is now evident that in the
Heteroptera homoptera there are at least two distinct classes as to
behavior of chromosomes. In one class we have the Aphids (Stevens, '05
and '06) and Phylloxera (Morgan, '06) in which no heterochromosomes have
been found, while in the other class are such forms as Aphrophora with
both a pair of _m_-chromosomes and a typical odd heterochromosome.
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