The two species which I might separate from _Vanessa_ on the ground of their greater divergence, are the very common and widely distributed _V. Io_ and _Antiopa_, the Peacock Butterfly and the Camberwell Beauty. In the very remarkable pattern of their wings, both show most marked characteristics; _Io_ possesses a large ocellus on each wing, and _Antiopa_ has a broad light yellow border which is not found in any other species of _Vanessa_. There can be no doubt but that each of these would have been long ago raised into a genus if similarly marked species of _Vanessa_ occurred in other parts of the world, as is the case with the other species of the genus. Thus, it is well known that there is a whole series of species resembling our _V. Cardui_, and another series resembling our _V. C.-album_, the two series possessing the same respective types of marking; indeed on these grounds the sub-genera _Pyrameis_ and _Grapta_ have been erected.[187] I should not have considered it worth while to have made these remarks if it had not been for the fact that the caterpillars of _V. Io_ and _V. Antiopa_ differ in small particulars from one another and from the other species of the genus. These differences relate to the number and position of the spines, as can be seen from the following table:-- SPECIES OF THE GENUS VANESSA, FABR. +-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | | Number of Spines on the head and segments | | | of the larva. | | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | |Head.|Segm.|Segm.|Segm.|Segm.|Segm.|Segm.|Segm.| | | | I. | II. | III.| IV. | V. |VI.- | XII.| | | | | | | | | XI. | | | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |V. Io | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | |V. Antiopa | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4 | |V. Urticæ | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | |V. Polychloros | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | |V. Ichnusa | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | |V. Atalanta | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | |V. C.-album | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | |V. Interrogationis | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | |V. Levana | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | +-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+