Studies of Birds Killed in Nocturnal MigrationTordoff, Harrison Bruce
Science
Studies of Birds Killed in Nocturnal Migration
Tordoff, Harrison Bruce
Birds -- Migration
Bearing in mind what has just been said, particularly in respect to
sizes of samples necessary for significance, let us consider the
patterns of migration suggested by the Topeka sample. These are as
follows:
(1) _An early migration largely composed of adults, giving way later
on to a preponderance of immatures._ Regardless of variations among
them, samples showing this basic pattern are in line with the opinions
of Brewster (1886) and his followers. This pattern is here shown by
the Lincoln Sparrow, Yellow-throat, Nashville Warbler, Catbird (one
sample only), and Red-eyed Vireo (Fig. 1, A, B, C, D, E). The evidence
of these and all other samples would admittedly be more conclusive if
the samples were further apart in time or, better still, were there
more of them. There is evidence that differences in migration of the
sexes, within age classes, influence this pattern, sharply in some
instances. In the later samples of Lincoln Sparrow, Yellow-throat, and
Red-eyed Vireo (Fig. 1, A, B, E) there are relatively fewer males,
both adult and immature, than in the earlier samples and this may be
true also of the Catbird, judging from the single sample. The Red-eyed
Vireo (Fig. 1, E) is characterized by small number, or absence of,
males in each sample but the samples are not significantly different,
and can be regarded as one. Although the samples of the Dickcissel and
Mourning Warbler (Fig. 1, F, G) show a somewhat different over-all
pattern and are discussed further on, they also contain few adult
males. Since these samples are from a period that is near the end of
the migration of Red-eyed Vireos, Mourning Warblers, and Dickcissels,
it may be assumed tentatively that the adult males have already
migrated. Meinertzhagen (1930:56) postulated that in many species
there is an earlier or more rapid migration of adults, particularly
males, and the data for the above species in our sample tend to
support his assumption. But our data suggest in addition that in some
species _immature males_ migrate earlier, or more rapidly, than do
_immature females_, just as adult males precede adult females in some
instances. Within this general pattern (adults first) another
variation is shown by the Nashville Warbler (Fig. 1, C) in which the
later sample of adults is heavily weighted towards males, even though
an increasing over-all proportion of immatures is evidenced. In this
case, and contrary to Meinertzhagen's suggestion, it would seem that
adult females have preceded or outstripped adult males in migration.
(2) _An early preponderance of immatures, followed by a preponderance
of adults._ The several species of birds at Topeka that display this
pattern conform with the conclusions of Gätke and other early Old
World ornithologists that in most species immatures precede adults in
migration. In the present sample two variations of this pattern occur.
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