Studies of Birds Killed in Nocturnal MigrationTordoff, Harrison Bruce
Science
Studies of Birds Killed in Nocturnal Migration
Tordoff, Harrison Bruce
Birds -- Migration
The samples suggest several patterns of differential migration of sex-
and age-classes. Indeed, the important consideration brought out--in
our opinion not hitherto sufficiently emphasized in literature--seems
to be that in generalizing about adults and immatures, one must be
careful to take sexes into account, and conversely, in generalizing
about males and females, one must consider also age. In other words,
there are really four classes to be considered. This poses additional
problems in analysis and introduces the need for still larger samples
in order to reach significant conclusions. To illustrate: an
adult-immature ratio of 40:20 (N = 60) may be satisfactorily
significant, while within the 40 adults a ratio of 25 males:15 females
may not be. Were the original sample 80:40 (N = 120) with male adults
50 and female adults 30, it is obvious that the significance of the
latter ratio would be greater. The same applies in reverse if the
greater emphasis is placed on sex and the lesser on age. Because of
the moderate size of the samples this problem has been felt in the
present study in respect to sex ratios within age groups, many of
which must at present be regarded as of tentative significance.
In short, what the earlier ornithologists regarded as a simple problem
is in reality a complex one. There are only two patterns in what may
be called the Brewster-Gätke argument: adults first or immatures first
(with of course the further possibility of both at the same time).
Both patterns occur, as is now known, at least to some extent. But
actual patterns, as suggested by our samples, are more complex when
all classes are considered. It will readily be seen that, if adult
males, immature males, adult females, and immature females be regarded
as units, each with certain migratory characteristics, the
combinations of these units in various orders of migratory precedence
are potentially numerous. In fact, of course, they do not behave
strictly as units (or perhaps very rarely so), but our data strongly
indicate that the tendency exists in many cases. This may be stated
another way. The present samples may be reduced to two basic patterns,
fitting the classic early American (adults first) and early European
(immatures first) theories. But, either such simple arrangement is
compounded in some, perhaps in truth in all, instances by differential
migration of the sexes _within_ each age class. This proposition can
also be stated backwards: the samples show differential times of
migration of the sexes, compounded by differential times of migration
of the age groups within each sex. The order in which these matters
are approached depends on what one is trying to find out. Influenced
by the literature, in which most emphasis has been placed on age, we
have approached the problem from that standpoint. The data and figures
here given, however, can be juggled if one wishes to place first
emphasis on the order of sexes in migration.
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