Commercial value: The wood is durable, light, smooth and fragrant, and is therefore used for making lead-pencils, cabinets, boxes, moth-proof chests, shingles, posts, and telegraph poles. Other characters: The _fruit_ is small, round and berry-like, about the size of a pea, of dark blue color, and carries from one to four bony seeds. Other common names: The red cedar is also often called _juniper_ and _red juniper_. Comparisons: The red cedar is apt to be confused with the _low juniper_ (_Juniperus communis_) which grows in open fields all over the world. The latter, however, is generally of a low form with a flat top. Its leaves are pointed and prickly, never scale-like, and they are whitish above and green below. Its bark shreds and its fruit is a small round berry of agreeable aromatic odor. ARBOR-VITAE; NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR (_Thuja occidentalis_) Distinguishing characters: The *branchlets* are extremely *flat and fan-like*, Fig. 13, and have an agreeable _aromatic odor_ when bruised. The tree is an evergreen with a _narrow conical form_. [Illustration: FIG. 13.--Twig of the Arbor-vitae.] Leaf: Leaves of two kinds, one scale-like and flat, the other keeled, all tightly pressed to the twig (see Fig. 13). Form and size: A close, conical head with dense foliage near the base. Usually a small tree, but in some parts of the northeastern States it grows to medium size with a diameter of two feet. Range: Northern part of North America. Soil and location: Inhabits low, swampy lands; in the State of Maine often forming thick forests. Enemies: Very seldom affected by insects. Value for planting: Is hardy in New England, where it is especially used for hedges. It is also frequently used as a specimen tree on the lawn. Commercial value: The wood is durable for posts, ties, and shingles. The bark contains considerable tannin and the juices from the tree have a medicinal value. Other characters: The _fruit_ is a cone about ½ inch long. Other common names: Arbor-vitae is sometimes called _white cedar_ and _cedar_. Comparisons: The arbor-vitae is apt to be confused with the true _white cedar_ (_Chamaecyparis thyoides_) but the leaves of the latter are sharp-pointed and not flattened or fan-shaped. CHAPTER II HOW TO IDENTIFY TREES--(Continued) GROUP IV. THE LARCH AND CYPRESS How to tell them from other trees: In summer the larch and cypress may easily be told from other trees by their _leaves_. These are needle-shaped and arranged in clusters with numerous leaves to each cluster in the case of the larch, and feathery and flat in the case of the cypress. In winter, when their leaves have dropped off, the trees can be told by their cones, which adhere to the branches.