How to tell them from other trees: The red cedar (juniper) and arbor-vitae may be told from other trees by their _leaves_, which remain on the tree and keep green throughout the entire year. These leaves differ from those of the other evergreens in being much shorter and of a distinctive shape as shown in Figs. 12 and 13. The trees themselves are much smaller than the other evergreens enumerated in this book. Altogether, there are thirty-five species of juniper recognized and four of arbor-vitae. The junipers are widely distributed over the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic region down to Mexico in the New World, and in northern Africa, China, and Japan in the Old World. The arbor-vitae is found in northeastern and northwestern America, China, and Japan. The species mentioned here are those commonly found in America. How to tell them from each other: The _twigs_ of the arbor-vitae are _flat and fan-like_ as in Fig. 13; the twigs of the red cedar are _needle-shaped or scale-like_ as in Fig. 12. The foliage of the arbor-vitae is of a lighter color than that of the red cedar, which is sombre green. The arbor-vitae will generally be found growing in moist locations, while the red cedar will grow in dry places as well. The arbor-vitae generally retains its lower branches in open places, while the branches of the red cedar start at some distance from the ground. RED CEDAR (_Juniperus virginiana_) [Illustration: FIG. 11.--The Red Cedar.] Distinguishing characters: The tree can best be told at a glance by its general form, size and leaves. It is a medium-sized tree with a _symmetrical, cone-like form_, Fig. 11, which, however, broadens out somewhat when the tree grows old. Its color throughout the year is dull green with a tinge of brownish red, and its bark peels in thin strips. [Illustration: FIG. 12(a).--Twig of Young Cedar. FIG. 12(b).--Twig of Cedar (Older Tree).] Leaf: In young trees the leaf is needle-shaped, pointed, and marked by a white line on its under side, Fig. 12(a). In older trees it is scale-like, Fig. 12(b), and the white line on its under side is indistinct. Range: Widely distributed over nearly all of eastern and central North America. Soil and location: Grows on poor, gravelly soils as well as in rich bottom lands. Enemies: The "_cedar apple_," commonly found on this tree, represents a stage of the apple rust, and for that reason it is not desirable to plant such trees near orchards. Its wood is also sometimes attacked by small _boring insects_. Value for planting: Its characteristic slender form gives the red cedar an important place as an ornamental tree, but its chief value lies in its commercial use.