The Glastonbury Levels lie at about the height of ordinary high
tides, and the channels through them would still be tidal were it
not for the banks which keep out the sea. Some years ago there
were discovered on the surface of these marshes a number of low
mounds, which on excavation proved to be the remains of a village of
lake-dwellings, approached by a boat-channel, by the side of which
were the remains of a rough landing stage. The dwelling-places rested
on the old salt-marsh vegetation, brushwood and soil being used
to raise their floors above the level of the highest tides. It is
evident that when this village was inhabited the sea-level must have
been the same as now, or within a foot or two of its present height.
If the sea-level was then higher, the village could not be inhabited;
if it were lower the channel would not have been navigable and the
landing stage would have been useless. The archaeological remains
found in this village prove that it belongs to a period dating about
the first century B.C. or the first century A.D.
Another locality on the south side of the Bristol Channel which we
must not pass without notice is Westward Ho, in Bideford Bay. There
is nothing exceptional about the submerged forest at this place, but
it has been carefully studied and collected from by Mr Inkermann
Rogers, and it may be taken as a typical example of such deposits in
the south of England.
The peaty deposits and old land-surface here seen between tide-marks
are rapidly being destroyed by the sea and are now much thinner than
they were a few years since. The soil on which the trees, here mainly
oaks, are rooted consists of a blue clay full of small pebbles and
fragments of the Culm Measure grit. Among these stones are numerous
flint-flakes made by man; but metal implements and pottery, so
common in the later deposits at Glastonbury, have not been found.
This ancient land-surface lies several feet below high water; it
shows therefore that the latest movement of depression dates from a
period between this Neolithic deposit and the Celtic lake-dwelling of
Glastonbury.
The possibility of fixing an approximate date for this submerged
forest, through its numerous flint-flakes and the accompanying bones
of domesticated animals, makes its contents of great interest, for
it shows how recently the movement has ceased—probably not more than
3500 years ago. It will be worth while therefore to give a fuller
account of the contents of this soil and its overlying peat-bed.
As regards articles of human workmanship, I have seen nothing
but waste flakes of flint and perhaps flint knives; and though
good implements may at any time be discovered, neither chipped
nor polished tools seem yet to have been found. Human remains are
represented by a clavicle.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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