The accompanying mammals are the stag, Celtic shorthorn, horse, dog (a very slender breed), sheep, goat, and pig, all of which, except the stag, seem to be domestic animals. Dr Chas. Andrews remarks that the ox seems to be certainly the Celtic shorthorn (_Bos longifrons_), while the small sheep is a characteristic Romano-British form, which has been described from many places, where it has been found with Roman and earlier remains. A number of seeds were obtained from the peat which rests on this old land-surface, and it is noticeable that several of them belong to brackish water or sea-coast plants. No cultivated species have yet been found, either here or elsewhere, in even the newest of the submerged forests. The list of plants is still a small one; but it may be worth giving, to show what species can be identified. It must not be forgotten that in such deposits plants which do not possess either deciduous leaves or hard seeds leave no recognisable traces, though they may have been quite as abundant as the hazel, of which everyone notices the nuts. The seeds belong to:— Ranunculus Flammula ” repens ” sceleratus Viola Malachium aquaticum Stellaria media Lychnis Flos-cuculi Rubus fruticosus Callitriche Cornus sanguinea Sambucus nigra Aster Tripolium Solanum Dulcamara Ajuga reptans Sueda maritima Atriplex patula Rumex Urtica dioica Alnus glutinosa Corylus Avellana Quercus robur Alisma Plantago Ruppia maritima Eleocharis palustris Scirpus Tabernaemontani Carex 3 sp. In this list, as is usually the case with the newest submerged forest, we find only plants that are still living in the immediate neighbourhood. Also, only such plants as are widely distributed are here found as fossils, the characteristic west-country flora being unrepresented. The reason of this limitation will be discussed later. For various reasons, which will be explained later, it will be well before describing the submerged land-surfaces of Cornwall and the Atlantic coast, to complete the account of those surrounding our enclosed seas. We will therefore take next those bordering on the English Channel. CHAPTER VI THE ENGLISH CHANNEL The English Channel, like our other enclosed seas, is bordered on either side by a fringe of ancient alluvia and submerged forests, which however are fast disappearing through the attacks of the waves. The destruction is so rapid, and in many parts has been so complete, that we are apt to forget how altered is the appearance of the English coast. Even so recently as the time of Caesar’s invasion flat muddy shores or low gravelly plains occupied many parts of the coast where we now see cliffs and rocky ledges.