Usages of torture in Greece 432 Rome—freemen not liable under Republic 434 Cæsarism extends the use of torture 435 Limited by Inscription and the _Lex Talionis_ 439 Torture of witnesses 440 Liability of slaves to torture 441 Limitations on use of torture 444 Value of evidence under torture 446 CHAPTER III. THE BARBARIANS. Structure of Barbarian society 449 Freemen originally not liable—torture of slaves 451 Illegal torture of freemen by the Merovingians 454 CHAPTER IV. THE GOTHS AND SPAIN. Influence of Roman institutions on the Goths 456 Torture under the Ostrogoths 457 Employed by the Wisigoths—details of its use 458 Transmitted by them to modern Spain 461 Legislation of Las Siete Partidas 462 Final shape of torture system in Castile 466 CHAPTER V. CARLOVINGIAN AND FEUDAL LAW. Torture first used for witchcraft, under Charlemagne 469 The Church averse to it 471 Character of institutions adverse to its use 471 Feudalism not favorable to it 472 Torture used for punishment and extortion 473 Ecclesiastical influence adverse to its use 477 CHAPTER VI. REAPPEARANCE OF TORTURE. Influence of the Roman law 479 Torture first appears in Latin kingdom of Jerusalem 480 It is revived in Italy in the thirteenth century 481 Influence of the Inquisition 483 First appearance of torture in France, in 1254 487 Its gradual introduction—1283 to 1319 491 Resistance of the nobles in 1315 494 Permanently established in opposition to Feudalism 497 Examples of procedure in the Châtelet of Paris, 1389-1392 500 Introduction in Germany 505 in Italy 506 in Hungary—Poland—Russia 508 in the ecclesiastical courts 510 CHAPTER VII. THE INQUISITORIAL PROCESS.