During the five or six years which I have spent on this investigation I have unsparingly laid all my friends under contribution whenever opportunity occurred; but among those to whom I am particularly indebted I may mention Mr. M. G. Swallow of Baden, who has given me much assistance in working up the Swiss finds, Professor Alexander Ogston, under whom I spent many happy days as house-surgeon, and who has all along kept a fatherly eye on the progress of the work and encouraged me to proceed to the end with a task which at times seemed inclined to swamp me, Mr. R. C. Bosanquet, late director of the British Archaeological School at Athens, who procured for me photographs of the instruments in the Athens museum, and Mr. H. R. Nielsen of Hartlepool, who has been the companion of my wanderings among the continental museums. I have also to thank my father, John Milne, LL.D., for much help at many different points. The expense of visiting the museums in the North of France and of obtaining photographs of the instruments in them has been borne by a grant from the Carnegie University Research Fund. This monograph was presented as the thesis which forms part of the examination for the degree of M.D. of the University of Aberdeen, and it was successful in gaining 'Highest Honours.' HARTLEPOOL, _April 19, 1907_. CONTENTS PAGES CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY 1-9 Hippocrates--Celsus--Rufus of Ephesus--Aretaeus of Cappadocia--Galen--Oribasius--Soranus of Ephesus--Moschion-- Caelius Aurelianus--Aetius--Pliny the Younger--Scribonius Largus--Marcellus Empiricus--Theodorus Priscianus--Alexander Trallianus--Paulus Aegineta--Hero of Alexandria--Christian Fathers--The Arabs--Paré--Scultetus--Heister. CHAPTER II MATERIAL, EXECUTION, AND ORNAMENTATION 10-23 Steel and Iron--Bronze--Copper--Brass--Tin--Lead--Gold-- Silver--Horn--Wood--Bone--Ivory--Stone--Execution and Ornamentation--Ringed Ornamentation--Inlaying--Plating-- Patina--Finds of Instruments--Herculaneum and Pompeii--Find of Surgeon of Paris--Oculist Severus of Rheims--Oculist Sollemnis of Fonviel--Military Hospital at Baden--Surgeon of Cologne. CHAPTER III KNIVES 24-50