Raspatory--Chisel--Gouge--Lenticular--Hammer--Block-- Meningophylax--Drill--Drill with guard (Abaptista)--Saw-- Trephine--Perforator for fistula lachrymalis--Bone elevator-- Sequestrum forceps--Varix extractor--Blacksmith's tongs-- Tooth forceps--stump forceps--Tooth elevator--Tooth scalers-- File--Forceps for extracting weapons--Periosteal elevator for the pericranium--Impellent--Arrow scoop. CHAPTER IX BLADDER AND GYNAECOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS 143-160 Catheter--Male--Female--Child--Bladder sounds--Lithotomy scoop--Forceps--Lithotrite--Speculum--Rectal--Vaginal-- Trivalve--Quadrivalve--Traction hook--Decapitator-- Cranioclast--Cephalotribe--Midwifery forceps--Uterine curette--Instrument for destroying foetus in utero-- Apparatus for fumigating uterus and vagina--Vaginal pessaries. CHAPTER X SUTURES, ETC. 161-167 Sponge--Sutures--Serres fines--Band of Antyllus--Sieves and strainers--Mortar--Pestle--Whetstone. CHAPTER XI ÉTUI, ETC. 168-173 Portable outfit--Probe cases--Scalpel box--Ointment box-- Boxes for collyrium sticks--Ointment slabs--Boxes for drugs. APPENDIX I. INVENTORY OF CHIEF INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MUSEUMS 174-177 II. BIBLIOGRAPHY 177-178 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY The earliest classical writer on medical subjects is Hippocrates, who was born in 460 B. C. and who practised in Athens and other parts of Greece. The 'Hippocratic Collection' is well known to consist of works which are not all by Hippocrates himself; but as the pseudo-Hippocratic works all belong to the classical period they are all admissible as evidence for our purpose, and for the sake of brevity I shall throughout refer to them as if all were by Hippocrates. Many interesting instruments are named in the comparatively small collection of treatises which make up the admittedly genuine list of Hippocratic works, but, taking these along with the pseudo-Hippocratic works, the number of instruments named in the whole collection is surprisingly large, comprising as it does trephines, bone drills, probes, needles, tooth forceps, uvula forceps, bone elevators, uterine sounds, graduated dilators, cranioclasts, and others. After Hippocrates there is a break in the continuity of the literature, and for some hundreds of years Greek medicine is represented almost entirely by the Alexandrian Schools. The first printed edition of the Hippocratic works was a Latin translation printed at Rome in 1525, followed by the Aldine edition of the Greek text printed at Venice in the following year. Other editions are the edition of Föes (1595), Van der Linden (1665), Kühn (Leipzig, 1821). Later editions are the text with a French translation by Littré (10 vols., 1849-61), a scholarly edition by Ermerins with a Latin