This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_, _Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from _Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _mægd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf. also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech. In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_, bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S. _earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account. The ending in _ing_. This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_, "son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times, by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_, _Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_, _Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle. All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem _fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names, and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the "Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S. _scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of _Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the