·-------· |(O)|(I)| |---|---| |(I)| | ·-------· Here we get _two_ Conclusions, viz. "All x are y'; All y are x'." pg063 And these, translated into concrete form, are "All diligent students are (not-ignorant, i.e.) learned; All ignorant students are (not-diligent, i.e.) idle". (See p. 4.) (4) "Of the prisoners who were put on their trial at the last Assizes, all, against whom the verdict 'guilty' was returned, were sentenced to imprisonment; Some, who were sentenced to imprisonment, were also sentenced to hard labour". Let Univ. be "the prisoners who were put on their trial at the last Assizes"; m = who were sentenced to imprisonment; x = against whom the verdict 'guilty' was returned; y = who were sentenced to hard labour. The Premisses, translated into abstract form, are "All x are m; Some m are y". Breaking up the first, we get the three (1) "Some x are m; (2) No x are m'; (3) Some m are y". Representing these, in the order 2, 1, 3, on a Triliteral Diagram, we get ·---------------· |(O) | (O)| | ·---|---· | | | (I) | | |---|(I)|---|---| | | | | | | ·---|---· | | | | ·---------------· Here we get no Conclusion at all. You would very likely have guessed, if you had seen _only_ the Premisses, that the Conclusion would be "Some, against whom the verdict 'guilty' was returned, were sentenced to hard labour". But this Conclusion is not even _true_, with regard to the Assizes I have here invented. "Not _true!_" you exclaim. "Then who _were_ they, who were sentenced to imprisonment and were also sentenced to hard labour? They _must_ have had the verdict 'guilty' returned against them, or how could they be sentenced?" Well, it happened like _this_, you see. They were three ruffians, who had committed highway-robbery. When they were put on their trial, they _pleaded_ 'guilty'. So no _verdict_ was returned at all; and they were sentenced at once.] I will now work out, in their briefest form, as models for the Reader to imitate in working examples, the above four concrete Problems. pg064 (1) [see p. 60] "No son of mine is dishonest; People always treat an honest man with respect." Univ. "men"; m = honest; x = my sons; y = treated with respect.