_1 Thess. 5:23_—“_may your spirit and soul and body be preserved entire_” = not a scientific enumeration of the constituent parts of human nature, but a comprehensive sketch of that nature in its chief relations; compare _Mark 12:30_—“_thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength_”—where none would think of finding proof of a fourfold division of human nature. On _1 Thess. 5:23_, see Riggenbach (in Lange’s Com.), and Commentary of Prof. W. A. Stevens. _Heb. 4:12_—“_piercing even to the dividing of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow_” = not the dividing of soul _from_ spirit, or of joints _from_ marrow, but rather the piercing of the soul and of the spirit, even to their very joints and marrow; _i. e._, to the very depths of the spiritual nature. On _Heb. 4:12_, see Ebrard (in Olshausen’s Com.), and Lünemann (in Meyer’s Com.); also Tholuck, Com. _in loco_. _Jude 19_—“_sensual, having not the Spirit_” (ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες)—even though πνεῦμα = the human spirit, need not mean that there is no spirit existing, but only that the spirit is torpid and inoperative—as we say of a weak man: “he has no mind,” or of an unprincipled man: “he has no conscience”; so Alford; see Nitzsch, Christian Doctrine, 202. But πνεῦμα here probably = the divine πνεῦμα. Meyer takes this view, and the Revised Version capitalizes the word “_Spirit_.” See Goodwin, Soc. Bib. Exegesis, 1881:85—“The distinction between ψυχή and πνεῦμα is a _functional_, and not a _substantial_, distinction.” Moule, Outlines of Christian Doctrine, 161, 162—“Soul = spirit organized, inseparably linked with the body; spirit = man’s inner being considered as God’s gift. Soul = man’s inner being viewed as his own; spirit = man’s inner being viewed as from God. They are not separate elements.” See Lightfoot, Essay on St. Paul and Seneca, appended to his Com. on Philippians, on the influence of the ethical language of Stoicism on the N. T. writers. Martineau, Seat of Authority, 39—“The difference between man and his companion creatures on this earth is not that his instinctive life is less than theirs, for in truth it goes far beyond them; but that in him it acts in the presence and under the eye of other powers which transform it, and by giving to it vision as well as light take its blindness away. He is let into his own secrets.”