We may add that in later times this personification of principles in the deity seems to have become a definite belief in two opposing personal spirits, and that Mani, Manes, or Manichæus adopted this feature of Parseeism, with the addition of certain Christian elements. Hagenbach, History of Doctrine, 1:470—“The doctrine of the Manichæans was that creation was the work of Satan.” See also Gieseler, Church History, 1:203; Neander, Church History, 1:478-505; Blunt, Dict. Doct. and Hist. Theology, art.: Dualism; and especially Baur, Das manichäische Religionssystem. A. H. Newman, Ch. History, 1:194—“Manichæism is Gnosticism, with its Christian elements reduced to a minimum, and the Zoroastrian, old Babylonian, and other Oriental elements raised to the maximum. Manichæism is Oriental dualism under Christian names, the Christian names employed retaining scarcely a trace of their proper meaning. The most fundamental thing in Manichæism is its absolute dualism. The kingdom of light and the kingdom of darkness with their rulers stand eternally opposed to each other.” Of this view we need only say that it is refuted (_a_) by all the arguments for the unity, omnipotence, sovereignty, and blessedness of God; (_b_) by the Scripture representations of the prince of evil as the creature of God and as subject to God’s control. Scripture passages showing that Satan is God’s creature or subject are the following: _Col. 1:16_—“_for in him were all things created, in the heavens and upon the earth, things visible and things invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers_”; _cf._ _Eph. 6:12_—“_our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world-rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places_”; _2 Pet. 2:4_—“_God spared not the angels when they sinned, but cast them down to hell, and committed them to pits of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment_”; _Rev. 20:2_—“_laid hold on the dragon, the old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan_”; _10_—“_and the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone._”