=Hostile Attacks=—Kinds—=Surprise=—Precautions against—Maintenance of Barbed Wire Entanglements—Service of Guard and Observation— “Stand To” Exercises—=Attack in Force=—Revealing Symptoms— Preventive Measures before—Perfecting Organization of Position— Increase of Control and Discipline of Defense—Moral Preparation of the Troops—Maintenance of the Garrison during the Bombardment—Reply with Artillery Fire—=Defense of First Line during Assault=—Duties of Watchers—Defenders of the First Line— =Fighting in the Interior of the Position=—Defense of an Area— The =Counterattack=—Troops Detailed for—Routes or Directions— Form of—=Repair of Position= 123 Chapter VI Attack of a Position =Phases=—Preparation—Assault against First Hostile Line— Exploitation of Success—=Preparation=—Front of Attack— =Conditions of Assault=—Distance of—Trace of Lines of Departure— Ground Preparation—=Organization of Assault=—=Execution of the Works=—=Artillery Preparation=—Counter-Battery Fire—Fire on Communication Routes, etc.—Destructive Fire—=Plan of Action=— Observation—Control—=Plan of Battle=—Strength of Enemy— Preparation of Men for Attack—Mission of Attack—=The Assault=— Disposition in Depth—Waves—Assaulting Companies—Supporting Companies—Disposition of Assaulting Battalion in the Departure Trenches—Order of Attack—Departure of Assault—Support Artillery— Departure of First Echelon—Departure of Second Echelon—Advance of Reserves—=Fighting in the Interior of a Position=—Principle of—Details of—Assaulting Companies—Reinforcing Companies—=Rôle of the Artillery during the Attack=—Principle of Accompaniment Fire—Means of Controlling Barrage—=Liaisons during Attack=— =Aviation= 152 Chapter VII Model of Trench Orders =Plan of Defense=—Order for Relief—=Plan of Attack=—Order for Attack—Order for a Raid 196 Chapter VIII Special Operations =Raids=—Preparation—Purpose of—Troops Employed—Objective of— Execution of—Infantry Support—Artillery Support—=Gas Warfare=— Kinds—Protections against—Special Precautionary Measures—=Liquid Fire=—=Mines= 216 Tactics and Duties for Trench Fighting CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPANY FOR BATTLE FORMATIONS I. Specialists The exigencies of modern warfare, especially of trench warfare, have developed new infantry weapons. As there are several kinds of these weapons to each infantry company, the men detailed to handle them must be trained as specialists. The weapons are: