The instrument which has so vastly extended our knowledge of the Universe, which has enabled us to acquire observations of remarkable precision, and supplied the materials for many sublime speculations in Astronomy, was invented early in the seventeenth century. Apart from its special application as a means of exploring the heavens with a capacity that is truly marvellous, it is a construction which has also been utilized in certain other departments with signal success. It provided mankind with a medium through which to penetrate far beyond the reach of natural vision, and to grasp objects and phenomena which had either eluded detection altogether or had only been seen in dim and uncertain characters. It has also proved a very efficient instrument for various minor purposes of instruction and recreation. The invention of the telescope formed a new era in astronomy; and though, with a few exceptions, men were slow at first in availing themselves of its far-seeing resources, scepticism was soon swept aside and its value became widely acknowledged. But though the telescope was destined to effect work of the utmost import, and to reach a very high degree of excellence in after times, the result was achieved gradually. Step by step its powers were enlarged and its qualities perfected, and thus the stream of astronomical discovery has been enabled to flow on, stimulated by every increase in its capacity. There is some question as to whom may be justly credited with the discovery of its principles of construction. Huygens, in his ‘Dioptrics,’ remarks:—“I should have no hesitation in placing above all the rest of mankind the individual who, solely by his own reflections, without the aid of any fortuitous circumstances, should have achieved the invention of the telescope.” There is reason to conclude, however, that its discovery resulted from accident rather than from theory. It is commonly supposed that Galileo Galilei is entitled to precedence; but there is strong evidence to show that he had been anticipated. In any case it must be admitted that Galilei[1] had priority in successfully utilizing its resources as a means of observational discovery; for he it was who, first of all men, saw Jupiter’s satellites, the crescent form of Venus, the mountains and craters on the Moon, and announced them to an incredible world.