Rarity is not the only factor affecting the value of gemstones. Freedom from internal imperfections, quality of cutting, color, and size must also be considered in cut and polished gemstones. Internal imperfections, such as inclusions and cracks, detract from the appearance of gemstones and interfere with the passage of light between the facets; consequently, gemstones containing these imperfections are not valued as highly as those without them. Poor cutting or polishing detract from the beauty and thus from the value of gemstones. Unpopular or poor color commonly causes gemstones to be less valuable. Rich green emeralds are exceedingly prized, whereas very pale green emeralds are relatively inexpensive. Diamonds that have the least hint of yellow are never valued as highly as pure colorless, pink, or blue stones. Few persons find the yellowish color attractive, unless it is a vivid canary yellow. Size is important in determining the value of gemstones but not as important as perfection. A badly flawed gemstone of large size may be worth only a slight fraction of the value of a smaller perfect one. Gemstone size is usually measured in carats, a unit of weight, although millimeter size is sometimes used. Five carats is equal to 1 gram and approximately 28⅓ grams is equal to 1 ounce avoirdupois. One one-hundredth (0.01) of a carat is called a point, and this term is often used, especially pertaining to very small gemstones. The term used to compare the relative weights of minerals and gemstones is specific gravity, which is expressed numerically in relation to water. Water is assigned the value of 1.00. Therefore, at a given temperature a gemstone having a specific gravity of 2.00 is twice as heavy as an equal volume of water. A 1-carat sapphire (specific gravity about 4.00) will be smaller than a 1-carat amethyst (specific gravity about 2.65) because the heavier material will occupy less volume to have the same weight. A summary of properties helpful in identification of common Texas gem minerals is given in Table 1. Comparatively recently in the history of gemstones, man has succeeded in the production of synthetic gems that have properties closely approaching those of many natural gemstones. To the untrained eye some synthetic gems may appear identical to natural stones, but synthetic gems can be detected with little difficulty by a properly equipped expert. Although most synthetic gems are inexpensive, their manufacture has not adversely affected the value of natural gemstones but instead has increased the demand for fine natural gems. Crystals