Under this head will be treated Identity and the examination of the Living and the Dead, Real and Apparent Death, Cause of Death, Exhumations, and Autopsies. Identity Examination of the Living.--With regard to the identification of the living, the presence of a medical man is seldom required, but there are many occasions when his opinion may be sought. Thus, under the Factory Acts, he may have to examine children about whose age doubts may have arisen. The Table on p. 33, giving the periods at which the teeth appear, will assist him. A medical man may also be requested to give an opinion as to the mental soundness or unsoundness of an individual. He may also be consulted in cases where questions have arisen as to the existence and character of certain marks on the body--of deformities, either congenital or produced subsequent to birth, or of doubtful sex. The marks which most frequently give rise to differences of opinion are _nævi materni_, _scars_, and _tattoo marks_. In cases of doubtful sex, the male organs may resemble the female, the female the male, or they may be blended together in about equal proportions. In all cases where an examination of a living person is required, the consent of the person must be obtained, the nature of the examination explained, and that any facts recorded will be used as evidence if required. If the person refuse to be examined then it must not be carried out. Cicatrices.--The following questions may be put to the medical expert--(1) Do scars ever disappear? (2) Can the age of a scar be definitely stated? In reply to the first and second questions, I shall quote the words of the late Professor Casper: “Consequently the scars occasioned by actual loss of substance, or by a wound healed by granulation, never disappear, and are always to be seen upon the body; but the scars of leech bites, or lancet wounds, or of cupping instruments, may disappear after a lapse of time that cannot be more distinctly specified, and may therefore cease to be visible upon the body. It is extremely difficult, or impossible, to give any certain or positive opinion as to the age of a scar.” All cicatrices should be examined with oblique light and the aid of a lens. In the early stages a cicatrix is of a red colour, changes to brown, and later to white, and the surface glistens. In the intermediate stages one could not give any positive evidence of the age of a cicatrix. The probability is that a red cicatrix is a recent one, a white cicatrix is not recent. I have seen well-defined cicatrices upon the back of a Russian, after incisions made by the blades of a cupping instrument fourteen years previously, and in an Englishman after twenty-five years (R. J. M. Buchanan).