In England, as occurring in the puerperal cow, Cuming, of Ellon, attributes it to a too exclusive diet of turnips. His analysis showed that turnips contained 10% sugar and 1 to 1½% vegetable albumen. The sugar is held to stimulate unduly the milk secretion, but fails to supply the nitrogenous materials needful to form it, and the cow is speedily rendered anæmic, with solution of the blood globules or of the hæmatin and its excretion by the urine. No attempt was made to produce hæmaturia by an exclusive or excessive diet of sugar, and cows fed on turnips grown on well drained lands never suffered from the disease. Williams says that urine in such cases had a strong odor of rotten turnips. This argues not an anæmia determined by sugar, but rather an intestinal fermentation, perhaps superinduced by ferments introduced along with the turnips. Add to this the notorious fact that the offending turnips are usually such as are grown on wild, damp, undrained, swampy, or mucky lands, and we have the suggestion of a bacteridian poison, or a toxic product of bacteria. Williams and Reynal practically agree on the point that the common hæmaturia is the result of anæmia. It has long been noticed that the herds which suffer from the affection are those which have come out of the winter in low condition, the victim is the poor man’s cow, and the symptoms are most likely to appear when turned into the fields in spring before the pastures have come up. The anæmic condition of the carcasses is quoted in support of this view, but perhaps without making sufficient account of the extraordinary destruction of blood globules during the progress of the malady. Pichon and Sinoir see in the liming of soils and the production of larger crops, a cause of anæmia in the rank and aqueous growth of the meadows, and their overstocking in order to eat them down, or to consume their products. They found that an abundant artificial feeding was the most efficacious mode of treatment. Reynal, who endorses this view, tells us that in the anæmic and liquid blood the globules become smaller and can pass more readily through the walls of the vessels. But this is exactly the opposite effect from what we see when the blood is diluted with water. The globules in such a case are distended and enlarged, and may finally have their protoplasm and hæmatin dissolved and diffused through the liquid. If the blood globules are shrunken, then we must look for a cause very different from anæmia.