_Diagnosis._ It is especially important to distinguish this from =hæmoglobinæmia=, which shows an uniform red or brown discoloration of the urine and an entire absence of blood globules as such. In congestion the reddish material tends to precipitate and is found to consist largely of blood globules. It is further associated with albuminuria. =Hæmorrhagic cystitis= and =cystic calculi= are both chronic affections, and identified on rectal exploration by the tenderness of the bladder and the presence of the stone. _Prevention_ consists in the avoidance of the various causative factors, and especially those that find access among alimentary matters. Cattle turned out in early spring should be fed before going and should be returned from the pasture in an hour or two. This repeated day by day, allows the digestive and urinary organs to accommodate themselves to the fresh spring grass and to any vegetation to which the animals have not been accustomed. Chills, draughts, injuries and other disturbing conditions must be guarded against. _Treatment._ Bleeding is strongly recommended by Cruzel and Cadeac. In Germany, England and America derivation toward the digestive organs is more generally relied on. Laxatives should be, as in the horse, oleaginous (castor, olive, linseed) or manna, rather than agents that may perchance act on the kidneys. Free purgation should be secured. Flaxseed tea, and wet compresses over the loins are valuable adjuncts, and anodyne agents like camphor, bromide of camphor, or other bromides may be added, and when there is any suspicion of infection, salicylates, or iodide of potassium may be employed. Finally a course of bitters (salicin, quinine, nux,) may be employed to restore tone and iron carbonate with sodium carbonate as a reconstructive tonic. The diet must be changed to wholesome food, but not too stimulating, and the animal kept quiet. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS IN SHEEP AND GOAT. Causes: irritant food. Lesions: Symptoms: separates from its fellows, arched back, stiff straddling gait, straining, muscular weakness, recumbency, urine red, with blood globules and albumen. Prevention: care in feeding and watering, change of pasture and treatment as in the ox. _Causes._ As in cattle, the smaller ruminants appear to suffer especially from an alimentary renal congestion, showing itself mainly in animals that are unaccustomed to the particular toxic aliment. Thus, Cornevin finds that the Pyrennean sheep thrives on the leaves of the Quercus tosa, while Southdown sheep taking it in any considerable quantity perish of renal congestion or nephritis. Similarly Weith fed four sheep on cynanchum vincetoxicum and developed renal congestion in the course of three days. Other causes doubtless contribute in individual cases but have not been specially traced to their effects. _Lesions_ are in the main the same as in cattle, the kidneys being bluish red, soft, flaccid and friable.