_Causes._ These are uncertain, though much seems to point to microbian invasion or intoxication by microbian poisons. In France, it has been seen mainly in mature and robust working oxen after a hard day’s work, when the animal has had time to cool off. Also in cows used in the yoke and milked at the same time. Poor food, starvation and low condition have also been cited as causes. In other cases, high feeding and plethora have been incriminated. It shows itself most commonly in summer and autumn, so that cold or chill must be looked on as a cause secondary to another—probably microbian or toxic. Again, it is by far the most common in the adult animal. What is more suggestive is its relative frequency in localities characterized by swamps, springy fields, hollow basins, damp hill-foots, bottom lands, and damp, impermeable or undrained soils. Again, on heavy clays where the water is preserved through summer in open ponds and often in a very corrupt condition. This at once accounts for its common appearance in summer and autumn when the offensive products of fermentation are most abundant, and corroborates the doctrine of a toxic ferment. But its origin has not been definitely traced to such products as yet. This, notwithstanding that Kolb attributes it to _bacillus hæmorrhagicus_, and Robert, Fabert, and Dinter found the exudates swarming with _diplococci_. This may assimilate it to _septicæmia_ hæmorrhagica. _Lesions._ In cattle killed during the early stages, circumscribed hæmorrhages and petechiæ are found in the nose, trachea, bronchia, gastric and intestinal mucosæ, cerebral membranes, pleuræ, peritoneum, bladder, and skin. In many cases these are accompanied by congestion and thickening of the walls of the lymphatics, and effusion in and under the skin in different parts of the body, but especially along its lower aspect—(belly, sternum, dewlap, limbs, lower jaw, tongue)—of a gelatinoid exudate, which raises the skin abruptly in the form of a thick cushion. At first this is soft and tremulous, but later it may have coagulated giving a great degree of resistance to the structure. Extensive cracks, fissures, and sloughs, and unhealthy sores form on these swellings. Franck especially notes the enlarged tongue gorged with blood and yellowish exudate as in gloss-anthrax. The blood extravasation may be further evidenced in the black or blood-streaked fæces, the reddish urine, and a rosy tint of the milk.