3. “Even, however, when we omit the trades as well as the cases in which the fathers were artists, we find a very notable predominance of craftsmen in the parentage of painters, to such an extent indeed that while craftsmen only constitute 9.2 per cent among the fathers of our eminent persons generally, they constitute nearly 35 per cent among the fathers of the painters and sculptors. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that there is a real connection between the father’s aptitude for craftsmanship and the son’s aptitude for art. “To suppose that environment adequately accounts for this relationship is an inadmissible theory. The association between the craft of builder, carpenter, tanner, jeweller, watchmaker, wood-carver, rope-maker, etc., and the painter’s art is small at the best and in the most cases non-existent.” (Ellis, quoted in Thorndike, _Educational Psychology_, III, p. 257.) 4. “—the statesman’s type of ability is largely transmitted or inherited. It would be tedious to count the instances in favor. Those to the contrary are Disraeli, Sir P. Francis (who was hardly a statesman, but rather bitter a controversialist) and Horner. In all the other 35 or 36 cases in my Appendix, one or more statesmen will be found among their eminent relations. In other words, the combination of high intellectual gifts, tact in dealing with men, power of expression in debate and ability to endure exceedingly hard work, is hereditary.” (Galton, _Hereditary Genius_, pp. 103, 104.) Thorndike comments on this last quotation: “Of course there is, in the case of all of Galton’s facts the possibility that home surroundings decided the special direction which genius took, that really original nature is organized only along broad lines. Moreover, it is difficult to see just what in the nervous system could correspond to a specialized original capacity, say, to be a judge. Still the latter matter is a question of fact, and of the former issue Galton’s studies make him the best judge. We should note also that it is precisely in the traits the least amenable to environmental influence such as musical ability, that the specialization of family resemblance is most marked.” This cautious and sagacious commentary is in marked contrast to the following: 5. “But no training and no external influence can entirely supersede the inborn tendencies. They are the product of _inheritance_. Not only unusual talents like musical or mathematical or linguistic powers can be traced through family histories, but the subtlest shades of temperament, character and intelligence can often be recognized as an ancestral gift.” (Munsterberg: _Psychology, General and Applied_, p. 230.)