6. “Statistical studies which covered many characteristic opposites like industrious and lazy, emotional and cool, resolute and undecided, gay and depressed, fickle and constant, cautious and reckless, brilliant and stupid, independent and imitative, loquacious and silent, greedy and lavish, egoistic and altruistic and so on, have indicated clearly the influence of inheritance on every such mental trait.” (Munsterberg, _Psychology, General and Applied_, p. 237.) Undoubtedly Munsterberg here refers to the data accumulated by Heymans and Wiersma since they used such opposites as these, and also used what might be called statistical methods. Speaking of the same data Thorndike says: “In view of the insecurity of their original data it seems best not to enter upon an explanation of their somewhat awkward method of measuring the force of heredity, and not to repeat the figures which are got by this method. Also they do not attempt to estimate an allowance for the influence of similarity in home training, though they state that some such allowance must be made.” (_Educational Psychology_, III, p. 262.) Hollingworth and Poffenberger, commenting on the data of Galton and Ellis mentioned in the quotation above, say: “Francis Galton has made a statistical study of the inheritance of _specified_ mental abilities and found that the abilities required for success as a judge, statesman, minister, commander, poet, artist, and scientific man, are inherited. But the nature of his data makes him unable to make exact allowances for influences of training and environmental influences. Consequently, his figures might really show general intelligence to be inherited and the form of its expression to be dependent upon environment. “Other investigators, among them F. A. Woods and Havelock Ellis, have made similar statistical studies and conclude that there is inheritance of even such qualities as temper, common sense, and the like, but these reports are also subject to the same complicating influence of environment.” (_Applied Psychology_, p. 43.) It can readily be seen, from these quotations, that there is fundamental disagreement among psychologists with regard to the inheritance of specific ability,—fundamental disagreement in three ways: (1) Interpretation of Galton’s and Ellis’s data. (2) Opinion on the matter. (3) Degree of precision possible in giving judgment.