Capitalism; Imperialism; Saving and investment; Socialism
Now Smith proceeds to a further analysis of the mutual relations of
these categories and of how they change in the course of the social
process, in production and circulation--in the reproductive process of
society. He emphasises here a radical distinction between fixed and
circulating capital from the point of view of the society:
'The whole expense of maintaining the fixed capital must evidently be
excluded from the neat revenue of the society. Neither the materials
necessary for supporting their useful machines and instruments of trade,
their profitable buildings, etc., nor the produce of the labour
necessary for fashioning those materials into the proper form, can ever
make any part of it. The price of that labour may indeed make a part of
it; as the workmen so employed may place the whole value of their wages
in their stock reserved for immediate consumption. But in other sorts of
labour, both the price and the produce go to this stock, the price to
that of the workmen, the produce to that of other people whose
subsistence, convenience and amusements are augmented by the labour of
those workmen.'[73]
Here Smith comes up against the important distinction between workers
who produce means of production and those who produce consumer goods.
With regard to the former he remarks that they create the
value--destined to replace their wages and to serve as their income--in
the form of means of production such as raw materials and instruments
which in their natural form cannot be consumed. With regard to the
latter category of workers, Smith observes that conversely the total
product, or better that part of value contained in it which replaces the
wages, the income of the workers together with its other remaining
value, appears here in the form of consumer goods. (The real meaning
latent in this conclusion, though Smith does not say so explicitly, is
that the part of the product which represents the fixed capital employed
in its production appears likewise in this form.) In the further course
of our investigation we shall see how close Smith has here come to the
vantage point from which Marx tackled the problem. The general
conclusion, however, maintained by Smith without any further examination
of the fundamental question, is that, in any case, whatever is destined
for the preservation and renewal of the fixed capital of society cannot
be added to society's net income.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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