Capitalism; Imperialism; Saving and investment; Socialism
The position is different with regard to circulating capital. 'But
though the whole expenses of maintaining the fixed capital is thus
necessarily excluded from the neat revenue of the society, it is not the
same case with that of maintaining the circulating capital. Of the four
parts of which this latter capital is composed, money, provisions,
materials and finished work, the three last, it has already been
observed, are regularly withdrawn from it and placed either in the fixed
capital of the society, or in their stock reserved for immediate
consumption. Whatever portion of those consumable goods is not employed
in maintaining the former, goes all to the latter, and makes a part of
the neat revenue of the society, besides what is necessary for
maintaining the fixed capital.'[74]
We see that Smith here simply includes in this category of circulating
capital everything but the fixed capital already employed, that is to
say, foodstuffs and raw materials and in part commodities which,
according to their natural form, belong to the replacement of fixed
capital. Thus he has made the concept of circulating capital vague and
ambiguous. But a further and most important distinction crops up and
cuts right through this conception: 'The circulating capital of a
society is in this respect different from that of an individual. That of
an individual is totally excluded from making any part of his neat
revenue, which must consist altogether in his profits. But though the
circulating capital of every individual makes a part of that of the
society to which he belongs, it is not upon that account totally
excluded from making a part likewise of their neat revenues.'[75]
In the following illustration Smith expounds what he means: 'Though the
whole goods in a merchant's shop must by no means be placed in his own
stock reserved for immediate consumption, they may in that of other
people, who, from a revenue derived from other funds, may regularly
replace their value to him, together with its profits, without
occasioning any diminution either of his capital or theirs.'[76]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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