[Illustration: WASHINGTON’S HOUSE, MOUNT VERNON.] THE AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL, COMPRISING ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY: THE BIOGRAPHY OF EMINENT MEN OF EUROPE AND AMERICA, AND THE LIVES OF DISTINGUISHED TRAVELERS. Illustrated with over 100 Engravings. BY THOMAS H. PRESCOTT, A. M. COLUMBUS: PUBLISHED AND SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY SUBSCRIPTION, BY J. & H. MILLER. 1857. Entered According to Act of Congress, in the Year 1855, by the OHIO STATE JOURNAL COMPANY, In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of Ohio. PRINTED BY OSGOOD AND PEARCE. BOUND BY H. C BEHMER. COLUMBUS, OHIO. PREFACE. One of the most useful directions for facilitating the study of history, is to begin with authors who present a compendium, or general view of the whole subject of history, and, afterwards, to apply to the study of any particular history with which a more thorough acquaintance is desired. The Historical Department of this work has been compiled with a view to furnishing such a compendium. It covers the whole ground of Ancient History, including China, India, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, the Phœnicians, Jews, Assyrians, Babylonians, Lydians, Modes and Persians, together with Greece and Rome, down through the dark ages to the dawn of modern civilization. It also embraces the history of the leading nations of modern Europe, and of the United States of America. Wisdom is the great end of history. It is designed to supply the want of experience; and though it does not enforce its instructions with the same authority, yet it furnishes a greater variety of lessons than it is possible for experience to afford in the longest life. Its object is to enlarge our views of the human character, and to enable us to form a more correct judgment of human affairs. It must not, therefore, be a tale, calculated merely to please and addressed to the fancy. Gravity and dignity are essential characteristics of history. Robertson and Bancroft may be named as model historians in these particulars. No light ornaments should be employed――no flippancy of style, and no quaintness of wit; but the writer should sustain the character of a wise man, writing for the instruction of posterity; one who has studied to inform himself well, who has pondered his subject with care, and addresses himself to our judgment rather than to our imagination. At the same time, historical writing is by no means inconsistent with ornamented and spirited narration, as witness Macaulay’s popular History of England. On the contrary, it admits of much high ornament and elegance; but the ornaments must be consistent with dignity. Industry is, also, a very essential quality in an accurate historian.