[64] Perdiccas, son of Orontes, a Macedonian, was one of Alexander’s most distinguished generals. The king is said on his death-bed to have taken the royal signet from his finger and to have given it to Perdiccas. After Alexander’s death he was appointed regent; but an alliance was formed against him by Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy. He marched into Egypt against Ptolemy. Being defeated in his attempts to force the passage of the Nile, his own troops mutinied against him and slew him (B.C. 321). See _Diodorus_, xviii. 36. For his personal valour see Aelian (_Varia Historia_, xii. 39). [65] Coenus, son of Polemocrates, was a son-in-law of Parmenio, and one of Alexander’s best generals. He violently accused his brother-in-law Philotas of treason, and personally superintended the torturing of that famous officer previous to his execution (_Curtius_, vi. 36, 42). He was put forward by the army to dissuade Alexander from advancing beyond the Hyphasis (_Arrian_, v. 27). Soon after this he died and was buried with all possible magnificence near that river, B.C. 327 (_Arrian_, vi. 2). [66] The Cadmea was the Acropolis of Thebes, an oval eminence of no great height, named after Cadmus, the leader of a Phoenician colony, who is said to have founded it. Since the battle of Chaeronea, this citadel had been held by a Macedonian garrison. [67] Amyntas was a Macedonian officer, and Timolaüs a leading Theban of the Macedonian faction. [68] Cf. Aelian (_Varia Historia_, xii. 57). [69] These were two provinces in the west of Macedonia. [70] Two divisions of Epirus. [71] A town on the Penēus in Hestiaeotis. [72] A town in Boeotia, on the lake Copais, distant 50 stades north-west of Thebes. [73] It seems from Plutarch, that Alexander was really wounded in the head by a stone, in a battle with the Illyrians. [74] This Alexander was also called Lyncestes, from being a native of Lyncestis, a district of Macedonia. He was an accomplice in Philip’s murder, but was pardoned by his successor. He accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia, but was put to death in B.C. 330, for having carried on a treasonable correspondence with Darius. See _Arrian_, i. 25. [75] The friend and charioteer of Hercules. [76] He sent to demand the surrender of the anti-Macedonian leaders, Phoenix and Prothytes, but offering any other Thebans who came out to him the terms agreed upon in the preceding year. See Plutarch (_Life of Alexander_, 11); and _Diodorus_, xvii. 9. [77] The Boeotarchs were the chief magistrates of the Boeotian confederacy, chosen annually by the different States. The number varied from ten to twelve. At the time of the battle of Delium, in the Peloponnesian war, they were eleven in number, two of them being Thebans. See Grote, _History of Greece_, vol. ii. p. 296.